Animal Diseases - Small Animals Flashcards
Core Canine Vaccines?
Canine parvovirus
Canine distemper virus
Canine adenovirus
Rabies
Canine Influenza (CIV) infectious capability?
easily transferred by fomites (24hrs) and persists in environment (48hrs)
Canine Distemper Pathophysiology?
Ears will start to go flat, uncontrollable diarrhea combined with running nose, eyes, and mouth possibly cough. Affects lymphoid tissue and CNS
Canine Distemper spread?
Direct contact with aerosolized discharge or fomites.
Unstable in environment.
But If recovered can spread for months
Canine Distemper symptoms?
GI Upset
Fever
Respiratory
Neurologic
Canine Hepatitis Pathophysiology?
Sore throat, coughing, pneumonia. Kidney, liver damage Seizures, increased thirst, Vomiting and diarrhea Hepatitis blue eye Death
Canine Hepatitis Spread?
Bodily fluids, aerosolized nasal materials, urine.
Recovered patient can spread up to 9 months
Leptospirosis spread?
Stagnant or slow moving water. Contact with infected urine. Bite wounds or ingestion of infected tissues.
Can penetrate mucous membrane or abraded skin.
Leptospirosis diagnosis?
Blood testing, paired titers, agglutination test, culture urine
Wont test positive until 10 days infected.
Leptospirosis treatment?
Fluids, antibiotics, antiemetics, treat any organ failure
Leptospirosis clinical signs?
Fever of 103-104
Shivering and muscle tenderness
Vomiting, dehydration, depression
Kidney +/- liver failure
Leptospirosis prevention?
Vaccinate every 6mo in high risk areas
Begin vaccination after 12 weeks of age
Avoid high risk soggy areas
Wear gloves when handling - zoonotic
Canine Parvovirus transmission?
Persists in environment 6 months or more.
Most prevalent in dogs 6 weeks - 20 weeks old
Canine Parvovirus clinical signs?
Destroys cells lining the intestinal tract
Anorexia
Depression
Vomiting
Diarrhea: watery and streaked with blood.
CBC: low WBC (<2,000/microliter)
Parvovirus treatment
Supportive Care: IV fluids Antibiotics for secondary infections Antiemetics Possible blood transfusions
Canine Enteric Coronavirus symptoms?
Usually mild infections in young puppies under 6 weeks, causes vomiting and diarrhea seen alongside parvo virus
Infectious tracheobronchititis pathophysiology?
Mild, self-limiting disease of the upper respiratory tract
Caused by a combination of viral and bacterial infections
Kennel Cough caused by what combination?
Canine parainfluenza virus (CPI)
Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2)
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Kennel cough clinical signs?
Harsh cough.
Mild fever.
Cough can be elicited on tracheal palpation
Kennel cough treatment?
TLC
Cough Suppression
Antibiotics
Feline Core Vaccines?
Feline Herpesvirus 1 (FHV 1)
Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
Feline Panleukopenia virus (FPV)
Rabies
Infectious Diseases of Dogs?
Canine Influenza Canine Distemper Canine Hepatitis Canine Parvovirus Canine Enteric Coronavirus Infectious Tracheobronchitis – Kennel cough
Infectious Diseases of Cats?
Feline Panleukopenia Feline Rhinotracheitis Feline Infectious Anemia Feline Calicivirus Feline Leukemia Virus Infection Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Feline Panleukopenia Enteritis: Feline Distemper spread?
Caused by a Feline Parvo Virus (FPV)
Kittens 2 to 6 months of age most commonly infected
Feline Panleukopenia Enteritis: Feline Distemper pathophysiology?
Infects rapidly dividing cells. Bone marrow supression, GI infection leads to damage similar to parvovirus
Pathophysiology of feline distemper in-utero infection?
Leads to still birth, still death, fetal reabsoption
can lead to hypoplasia and retinal dysplasia
Clinical signs of Feline Panleukopenia?
Depression Vomiting Diarrhea Severe Dehydration Panleukopenia: all leukocytes suppressed Death: High Mortality
Diagnosis of panleukopenia?
Canine Parvo ELISA test will detect FPV
Treatment of panleukopenia?
Fluid therapy
Blood transfusion
Antibiotics
Feline Calicivirus (FCV) pathophysiology?
Affects the respiratory system, eyes, joints, and hemolymphatic system
Clinical signs of FCV?
Anorexia Oral ulcers (stomatitis) Ocular and/or nasal discharge Fever Dyspnea Lameness Systemic hemorrhage
Treatment of FCV?
Supportive Care
Antibiotics for secondary infections
Pain control if arthritis is present
Oxygen may be needed with pneumonia
FCV associated systemic disease pathophysiology?
Caused by a virulent strain of calicivirus
Can infect cats that are current on vaccines
Adult cats have the most severe disease.
High mortality rate!!!! 33% TO 60%
Highly Contagious!!!
Clinical Signs of FCV?
Same as calici virus and: Profound fever Marked subcutaneous edema of limbs and face. Crusting and ulceration of nose, lips, pinna and feet. Icterus Ulcerations on pads Limb edema Vaccination available
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis transmission?
aerosol droplets, contact w/ fomites, transplacentally
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis clinical findings?
Affects unvaccinated kittens and young cats Sneezing Ocular and nasal discharge Fever Anorexia and depression
Feline Infectious Anemia (Feline Hemobartonellosis) etiology?
Blood-borne bacterial infection of cats Mycoplasma haemofelis (previously Hemobartonella felis) gram-, intracellular bacteria replicate in RBC’s
Feline Infectious Anemia transmission?
Through arthropod vectors
Saliva during bite wounds
Transplacental
Blood transfusion
Feline Infectious Anemia Clinical signs?
Those observed are associated w/ RBC destruction
Acute: fever, pale and icteric mm’s
Chronic: wt loss, weakness, depression, anorexia
Treatment for FIA?
Antibiotics (Tetracyclines)
Feline Leukemia Virus transmission?
Single stranded RNA virus
transmitted through saliva, in utero, via milk
Consequence of FeLV infection?
Immunosuppression Bone marrow suppression Leukemia Lymphosarcoma Wt Loss Lethargy Anorexia
Diagnosis of FeLV?
Snap test
Clinical signs
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission?
Through saliva
Viral disease of domestic cats and cheetas
Clinical signs of FIV?
Destruction of T-lymphs Chronic fever Chronic upper respiratory tract infections Gingivitis/stomatitis Chronic diarrhea Weight loss
Diagnosis of FIV?
ELISA test
Feline infectious peritonitis etiology and transmission?
Enveloped RNA virus
Transmitted through oral ingestion, transplacental transmission
40-50% of infected cats also have FeLV infection
Highly fatal virus disease of cats
Causes sporadic outbreaks of disease
Clinical findings of FIP?
Most commonly affects 6 mo.-2 yr. old cats Recurrent fever Anorexia Wt. loss Chronic diarrhea Lethargy Weakness \+/- peritoneal effusion or large inflammatory nodules in the liver/kidney/CNS/eye
Diagnosis of FIP?
Clinical signs CBC Blood chemistry Serology Abdominocentesis Biopsy of affected organs
Treatment/Prevention of FIP?
No treatment
Prevent contact w/ FIP infected cats
Vaccination – not very effective
6 Common Gastrointestinal Diseases?
Acute Gastritis Acute Pancreatitis Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Parvovirus Infection Salmon Poisoning Anal Sac Disease
Acute Gastritis pathophysiology?
Most common cause of vomiting in dogs
Characterized by mild inflammation of stomach wall with shallow erosion of gastric mucosa
Acute Gastritis etiology?
Ingestion of spoiled food. Ingestion of indigestible material. Ingestion of caustic materials. Ingestion of irritating drugs. Over eating
Acute Gastritis clinical signs?
Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
Depression
Acute Gastritis diagnosis?
History
Clinical Signs
Response to treatment
Acute Gastritis treatment?
Withhold food for 24 hours – feed mild food, highly digestible, low fiber
Analgesics
Antiemetics
Acute Pancreatitis pathophysiology?
Painful condition caused by inflammation of the pancreas
Results from acinar cell injury
Acute Pancreatitis etiology?
Nutrition Drugs Surgical procedures Pancreatic duct obstruction Duodenal/biliary reflux
Acute Pancreatitis typical patient?
Overweight to obese
Middle Aged
Female
Recent fatty meal
Acute Pancreatitis breeds predisposed?
Schnauzer
Poodle
Cocker Spaniel
Siamese cats
Clinical Signs of Acute pancreatitis?
Vomiting Anorexia Abdominal Pain Fever Dehydration Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Cats have vague, nonspecific signs
Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis?
History
Clinical signs
Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity (PLI)
Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity (TLI) Lipase/Amylase
CBC
Treatment of acute pancreatitis?
Withhold food for 48-72 hours
Provide supportive treatment: IV fluids, antiemetics, analgesics, antibiotics
Resume feeding 24-48 hrs. after vomiting stops
Gastric Dilation & Volvulus: GDV pathophysiology?
Painful condition in which the stomach dilates or fills with gas, then twists on itself.
Both the inlet and outlet of the stomach are obstructed.
GDV Etiology?
Dilatation Swallowing of air Ingestion of food and water Volvulus Paraprandial exercise Deep-chested dogs w/ pendulous abdomen
GDV Clinical Findings?
Restlessness Non-productive retching Hyper salivation Abdominal Pain Abdominal distention with tympany Dyspnea Pale mucus membranes Weak pulse
GDV Diagnosis?
History
Clinical Signs
Radiographs: “Double Bubble” on Right
GDV Treatment?
Decompression by orogastric tube or percutaneous needle
Warm water gastric lavage
Treat for shock: IV fluids, glucocorticoids, antibiotics
Surgery: Gastropexy to right abdominal wall
GDV Prevention?
Feed 2-3 small meals a day
Avoid paraprandial exercise and ingestion of large volumes of water after exercise
Avoid abrupt dietary changes
Salmon Poisoning Pathophysiology?
Highly fatal rickettsial disease transmitted by the Salmon Fluke.
Common in the Western Cascade slopes from Washington to California.
Salmon Poisoning etiology?
Dog ingests larval form of the fluke in the raw flesh of Salmon or Trout.
Fluke infects dog with the rickettsial organism, Neorickettsia helminthoeca.
Neorickettsia helmithoeca causes the disease
Salmon Poisoning life cycle?
Adult Fluke inhabits intestine of the dog.
Eggs pass in feces and enter water source.
Eggs hatch into the first larval form.
A snail, Oxytrema silicula, ingests the first larval form.
The second larval form is released from the snail and infects the fish.
Dog eats fish.
Clinical signs of salmon poisoning?
Fever
Enlarged Lymph Nodes (lymphadenopathy)
Diarrhea: Usually yellow colored, mucoid.
Vomiting
Diagnosis of salmon poisoning?
Clinical Signs
Fecal Smear: Fluke eggs are evident on fecal smears.
Exposure to Salmon, Trout or rivers and streams containing these fish
Treatment of salmon poisoning?
Tetracycline or Doxycycline
Supportive Care: IV Fluids and antiemetics
Prevention of salmon poisoning?
Prophylactic Tetracycline or Doxycycline if dog ingests raw Salmon or Trout.
Infected dogs should be treated with Praziquantel to kill the adult Flukes
Pathophysiology of Anal Sac Disease?
Abnormality of the paired anal sacs at anal opening
Causes pain and discomfort
Disease Etiology of Anal Sac Disease?
Small breed dogs more prevalent. Over weight Failure of glands to express normally. Poor muscle tone. Gland per secretion.
Clinical Signs of Anal Sac Disease?
Scooting perineum on the ground.
Licking and chewing perineum.
Painful perianal swelling.
Draining tract in perineum.
Diagnosis of Anal Sac Disease?
Clinical Signs.
Rectal palpation of anal glands.
Treatment of Anal Sac Disease?
Flush duct and anal gland.
Express anal gland.
Antibiotics.
Anti-inflammatory drugs.
Prevention of Anal Sac Disease?
Weight loss.
Anal gland expression.
High fiber meals to increase stool diameter.
4 Common Cardiovascular Diseases?
Congestive Heart Failure
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Heartworm Disease
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
Failure of heart to pump blood from the left side to meet metabolic needs or prevent pooling of blood in the pulmonary venous circulation.
Etiology of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
Pump Failure (Muscle Failure) left ventricle. Pressure overload. Systemic hypertension. Subaortic stenosis – narrowing of the vessels Volume overload of the left heart. Mitral valve dysplasia Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Ventral Septal Defect (VSD)
Clinical Signs of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
Weakness Lethargy Exercise intolerance Coughing: soft, often on waking. Tachypnea Increased CRT Possible heart murmur
Diagnosis of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
History
Clinical signs
Auscultation
Radiographs – do quickly, sternum can be preferred and be aware of difficulty breathing
Echocardiography – usually done by a specialist
Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
Diuretics
Restriction of sodium intake – low sodium prescription diet
ACE inhibitors: Enalapril
Diuretics: Furosemide
Other heart meds: Digoxin, Calcium channel blockers, Beta blockers
Pathophysiology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Dilation or enlargement of left or right chambers of the heart.
Chamber gets bigger concurrent with thinning of the chamber walls.
Dysfunction of the heart muscle resulting in reduced cardiac output.
Dysfunction of heart valves resulting in CHF.
More common in dogs
In cats caused by lack of taurine
Etiology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Majority of cases are idiopathic.
Most common in large breed dogs: Dobermans, Great Danes, Boxers.
Probably an abnormality of the contractile proteins in the heart muscle.
Clinical signs of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Coughing Increased respiratory rate. Weight loss Lethargy, weakness. Abdominal distention Syncope: fainting due to lack of oxygen to the brain.
Diagnosis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Radiographs: cardiomegaly (enlarged heart).
Echocardiogram: Ventricular and atrial dilation.
Electrocardiogram (EKG): abnormal rhythm and QRS complexes.
Treatment of Cardiomyopathy?
Enalapril, Spironolactone, Pimobendane. Lasix.
Prognosis with Cardiomyopathy?
Always fatal.
Death occurs 6 to 24 months following diagnosis.
Heartworm disease pathophysiology?
Caused by infection with heart worms, Dirofilaria immitus coming from mosquitos
Heartworm disease clinical signs?
Coughing. Tachycardia Exercise intolerance. Weight loss. Signs of Right sided CHF
Diagnosis of Heartworm disease?
ELISA tests
Knotts test
Radiographs
Treatment of Heartworm disease?
Melarsomine dihydrochloride (Immiticide): Kills the adult worms.
Hospitalization during treatment to prevent stress.
Treat R-CHF.
Heart worm preventative drugs to kill the microfilaria.
Newer treatment of Heartworm disease?
Heartworm preventative used to decrease the microfilaria for 3 to 4 months prior to Immiticide treatment.
Used in dogs that are not critically ill.
Monthly prevention of Heartworm disease?
Ivermectin: Heartgard
Selamectin: Revolution
Milabamycin: Interceptor
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy diagnosis?
Clinical signs Auscultation Radiographs Ultrasound Electrocardiogram (ECG) More common in cats than dogs
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy treatment?
Treat cardiac abnormalities. Diuretics (furosemide), beta blockers (propanolol), calcium channel blockers (diltiazem), vasodilators (enalapril), aspirin - buffered
Common diseases of the Eye?
Conjunctivitis Entropion Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca “Cherry Eye” Glaucoma
Pathophysiology of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids
Etiology of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?
Infection Viral Bacterial Fungal Environmental irritation Foreign body Allergy
Clinical Signs of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?
Red conjunctiva
Chemosis: swelling of conjunctiva
Pain
Discharge
Diagnosis of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?
History
Clinical signs
Cytology, Culture
Treatment of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?
Eliminate primary cause
Topical medications: antibiotics, antivirals, anti-inflammatory
Pathophysiology of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)
Common viral infection of cats.
>80% cats infected as kittens.
Causes upper respiratory and ocular signs.
Etiology of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)
Kittens infected by aerosolized virus contacting eyes and upper respiratory tract mucosa.
Can cause respiratory signs and conjunctivitis.
Clinical signs last 10 to 14 days.
>80% of cats have latent infections that can recrudesce causing eye & respiratory signs later in life.
Clinical signs of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)
Chemosis
Epiphora
Discharge
Sneezing
Diagnosis of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)
Clinical Signs
PCR from conjunctival or corneal swabs.
Treatment of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)
Antiviral eye drops.
L-Lysine supplements.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops
