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Pierce Vet Tech > Animal Diseases - Small Animals > Flashcards

Animal Diseases - Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Core Canine Vaccines?

A

Canine parvovirus
Canine distemper virus
Canine adenovirus
Rabies

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2
Q

Canine Influenza (CIV) infectious capability?

A

easily transferred by fomites (24hrs) and persists in environment (48hrs)

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3
Q

Canine Distemper Pathophysiology?

A

Ears will start to go flat, uncontrollable diarrhea combined with running nose, eyes, and mouth possibly cough. Affects lymphoid tissue and CNS

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4
Q

Canine Distemper spread?

A

Direct contact with aerosolized discharge or fomites.
Unstable in environment.
But If recovered can spread for months

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5
Q

Canine Distemper symptoms?

A

GI Upset
Fever
Respiratory
Neurologic

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6
Q

Canine Hepatitis Pathophysiology?

A 
Sore throat, coughing, pneumonia.
Kidney, liver damage
Seizures, increased thirst, Vomiting and diarrhea
Hepatitis blue eye
Death
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7
Q

Canine Hepatitis Spread?

A

Bodily fluids, aerosolized nasal materials, urine.

Recovered patient can spread up to 9 months

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8
Q

Leptospirosis spread?

A

Stagnant or slow moving water. Contact with infected urine. Bite wounds or ingestion of infected tissues.
Can penetrate mucous membrane or abraded skin.

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9
Q

Leptospirosis diagnosis?

A

Blood testing, paired titers, agglutination test, culture urine
Wont test positive until 10 days infected.

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10
Q

Leptospirosis treatment?

A

Fluids, antibiotics, antiemetics, treat any organ failure

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11
Q

Leptospirosis clinical signs?

A

Fever of 103-104
Shivering and muscle tenderness
Vomiting, dehydration, depression
Kidney +/- liver failure

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12
Q

Leptospirosis prevention?

A

Vaccinate every 6mo in high risk areas
Begin vaccination after 12 weeks of age
Avoid high risk soggy areas
Wear gloves when handling - zoonotic

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13
Q

Canine Parvovirus transmission?

A

Persists in environment 6 months or more.

Most prevalent in dogs 6 weeks - 20 weeks old

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14
Q

Canine Parvovirus clinical signs?

A

Destroys cells lining the intestinal tract
Anorexia
Depression
Vomiting
Diarrhea: watery and streaked with blood.
CBC: low WBC (<2,000/microliter)

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15
Q

Parvovirus treatment

A 
Supportive Care:
IV fluids
Antibiotics for secondary infections
Antiemetics
Possible blood transfusions
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16
Q

Canine Enteric Coronavirus symptoms?

A

Usually mild infections in young puppies under 6 weeks, causes vomiting and diarrhea seen alongside parvo virus

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17
Q

Infectious tracheobronchititis pathophysiology?

A

Mild, self-limiting disease of the upper respiratory tract

Caused by a combination of viral and bacterial infections

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18
Q

Kennel Cough caused by what combination?

A

Canine parainfluenza virus (CPI)
Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2)
Bordetella bronchiseptica

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19
Q

Kennel cough clinical signs?

A

Harsh cough.
Mild fever.
Cough can be elicited on tracheal palpation

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20
Q

Kennel cough treatment?

A

TLC
Cough Suppression
Antibiotics

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21
Q

Feline Core Vaccines?

A

Feline Herpesvirus 1 (FHV 1)
Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
Feline Panleukopenia virus (FPV)
Rabies

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22
Q

Infectious Diseases of Dogs?

A 
Canine Influenza
Canine Distemper
Canine Hepatitis
Canine Parvovirus
Canine Enteric Coronavirus
Infectious Tracheobronchitis – Kennel cough
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23
Q

Infectious Diseases of Cats?

A 
Feline Panleukopenia
Feline Rhinotracheitis
Feline Infectious Anemia
Feline Calicivirus
Feline Leukemia Virus Infection
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
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24
Q

Feline Panleukopenia Enteritis: Feline Distemper spread?

A

Caused by a Feline Parvo Virus (FPV)

Kittens 2 to 6 months of age most commonly infected

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25
Q

Feline Panleukopenia Enteritis: Feline Distemper pathophysiology?

A

Infects rapidly dividing cells. Bone marrow supression, GI infection leads to damage similar to parvovirus

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26
Q

Pathophysiology of feline distemper in-utero infection?

A

Leads to still birth, still death, fetal reabsoption

can lead to hypoplasia and retinal dysplasia

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27
Q

Clinical signs of Feline Panleukopenia?

A 
Depression
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Severe Dehydration
Panleukopenia: all leukocytes suppressed
Death: High Mortality
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28
Q

Diagnosis of panleukopenia?

A

Canine Parvo ELISA test will detect FPV

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29
Q

Treatment of panleukopenia?

A

Fluid therapy
Blood transfusion
Antibiotics

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30
Q

Feline Calicivirus (FCV) pathophysiology?

A

Affects the respiratory system, eyes, joints, and hemolymphatic system

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31
Q

Clinical signs of FCV?

A 
Anorexia
Oral ulcers (stomatitis)
Ocular and/or nasal discharge
Fever
Dyspnea
Lameness
Systemic hemorrhage
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32
Q

Treatment of FCV?

A

Supportive Care
Antibiotics for secondary infections
Pain control if arthritis is present
Oxygen may be needed with pneumonia

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33
Q

FCV associated systemic disease pathophysiology?

A

Caused by a virulent strain of calicivirus
Can infect cats that are current on vaccines
Adult cats have the most severe disease.
High mortality rate!!!! 33% TO 60%
Highly Contagious!!!

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34
Q

Clinical Signs of FCV?

A 
Same as calici virus and:
Profound fever
Marked subcutaneous edema of limbs and face.
Crusting and ulceration of nose, lips, pinna and feet.
Icterus
Ulcerations on pads
Limb edema
Vaccination available
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35
Q

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis transmission?

A

aerosol droplets, contact w/ fomites, transplacentally

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36
Q

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis clinical findings?

A 
Affects unvaccinated kittens and young cats
Sneezing
Ocular and nasal discharge
Fever
Anorexia and depression
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37
Q

Feline Infectious Anemia (Feline Hemobartonellosis) etiology?

A 
Blood-borne bacterial infection of cats
Mycoplasma haemofelis (previously Hemobartonella felis) 
gram-, intracellular bacteria replicate in RBC’s
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38
Q

Feline Infectious Anemia transmission?

A

Through arthropod vectors
Saliva during bite wounds
Transplacental
Blood transfusion

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39
Q

Feline Infectious Anemia Clinical signs?

A

Those observed are associated w/ RBC destruction
Acute: fever, pale and icteric mm’s
Chronic: wt loss, weakness, depression, anorexia

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40
Q

Treatment for FIA?

A

Antibiotics (Tetracyclines)

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41
Q

Feline Leukemia Virus transmission?

A

Single stranded RNA virus

transmitted through saliva, in utero, via milk

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42
Q

Consequence of FeLV infection?

A 
Immunosuppression
Bone marrow suppression
Leukemia
Lymphosarcoma
Wt Loss
Lethargy
Anorexia
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43
Q

Diagnosis of FeLV?

A

Snap test

Clinical signs

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44
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission?

A

Through saliva

Viral disease of domestic cats and cheetas

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45
Q

Clinical signs of FIV?

A 
Destruction of T-lymphs
Chronic fever
Chronic upper respiratory tract infections
Gingivitis/stomatitis
Chronic diarrhea
Weight loss
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46
Q

Diagnosis of FIV?

A

ELISA test

47
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis etiology and transmission?

A

Enveloped RNA virus
Transmitted through oral ingestion, transplacental transmission
40-50% of infected cats also have FeLV infection
Highly fatal virus disease of cats
Causes sporadic outbreaks of disease

48
Q

Clinical findings of FIP?

A 
Most commonly affects 6 mo.-2 yr. old cats
Recurrent fever
Anorexia
Wt. loss
Chronic diarrhea
Lethargy
Weakness
\+/- peritoneal effusion or large inflammatory nodules in the liver/kidney/CNS/eye
49
Q

Diagnosis of FIP?

A 
Clinical signs
CBC
Blood chemistry
Serology
Abdominocentesis
Biopsy of affected organs
50
Q

Treatment/Prevention of FIP?

A

No treatment
Prevent contact w/ FIP infected cats
Vaccination – not very effective

51
Q

6 Common Gastrointestinal Diseases?

A 
Acute Gastritis
Acute Pancreatitis
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus
Parvovirus Infection
Salmon Poisoning
Anal Sac Disease
52
Q

Acute Gastritis pathophysiology?

A

Most common cause of vomiting in dogs

Characterized by mild inflammation of stomach wall with shallow erosion of gastric mucosa

53
Q

Acute Gastritis etiology?

A 
Ingestion of spoiled food.
Ingestion of indigestible material.
Ingestion of caustic materials.
Ingestion of irritating drugs.
Over eating
54
Q

Acute Gastritis clinical signs?

A

Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
Depression

55
Q

Acute Gastritis diagnosis?

A

History
Clinical Signs
Response to treatment

56
Q

Acute Gastritis treatment?

A

Withhold food for 24 hours – feed mild food, highly digestible, low fiber
Analgesics
Antiemetics

57
Q

Acute Pancreatitis pathophysiology?

A

Painful condition caused by inflammation of the pancreas

Results from acinar cell injury

58
Q

Acute Pancreatitis etiology?

A 
Nutrition
Drugs
Surgical procedures
Pancreatic duct obstruction
Duodenal/biliary reflux
59
Q

Acute Pancreatitis typical patient?

A

Overweight to obese
Middle Aged
Female
Recent fatty meal

60
Q

Acute Pancreatitis breeds predisposed?

A

Schnauzer
Poodle
Cocker Spaniel
Siamese cats

61
Q

Clinical Signs of Acute pancreatitis?

A 
Vomiting
Anorexia
Abdominal Pain
Fever
Dehydration
Hemorrhagic Diarrhea
Cats have vague, nonspecific signs
62
Q

Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis?

A

History
Clinical signs
Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity (PLI)
Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity (TLI) Lipase/Amylase
CBC

63
Q

Treatment of acute pancreatitis?

A

Withhold food for 48-72 hours
Provide supportive treatment: IV fluids, antiemetics, analgesics, antibiotics
Resume feeding 24-48 hrs. after vomiting stops

64
Q

Gastric Dilation & Volvulus: GDV pathophysiology?

A

Painful condition in which the stomach dilates or fills with gas, then twists on itself.
Both the inlet and outlet of the stomach are obstructed.

65
Q

GDV Etiology?

A 
Dilatation
Swallowing of air
Ingestion of food and water
Volvulus
Paraprandial exercise
Deep-chested dogs w/ pendulous abdomen
66
Q

GDV Clinical Findings?

A 
Restlessness
Non-productive retching
Hyper salivation
Abdominal Pain
Abdominal distention with tympany
Dyspnea
Pale mucus membranes
Weak pulse
67
Q

GDV Diagnosis?

A

History
Clinical Signs
Radiographs: “Double Bubble” on Right

68
Q

GDV Treatment?

A

Decompression by orogastric tube or percutaneous needle
Warm water gastric lavage
Treat for shock: IV fluids, glucocorticoids, antibiotics
Surgery: Gastropexy to right abdominal wall

69
Q

GDV Prevention?

A

Feed 2-3 small meals a day
Avoid paraprandial exercise and ingestion of large volumes of water after exercise
Avoid abrupt dietary changes

70
Q

Salmon Poisoning Pathophysiology?

A

Highly fatal rickettsial disease transmitted by the Salmon Fluke.
Common in the Western Cascade slopes from Washington to California.

71
Q

Salmon Poisoning etiology?

A

Dog ingests larval form of the fluke in the raw flesh of Salmon or Trout.
Fluke infects dog with the rickettsial organism, Neorickettsia helminthoeca.
Neorickettsia helmithoeca causes the disease

72
Q

Salmon Poisoning life cycle?

A

Adult Fluke inhabits intestine of the dog.
Eggs pass in feces and enter water source.
Eggs hatch into the first larval form.
A snail, Oxytrema silicula, ingests the first larval form.
The second larval form is released from the snail and infects the fish.
Dog eats fish.

73
Q

Clinical signs of salmon poisoning?

A

Fever
Enlarged Lymph Nodes (lymphadenopathy)
Diarrhea: Usually yellow colored, mucoid.
Vomiting

74
Q

Diagnosis of salmon poisoning?

A

Clinical Signs
Fecal Smear: Fluke eggs are evident on fecal smears.
Exposure to Salmon, Trout or rivers and streams containing these fish

75
Q

Treatment of salmon poisoning?

A

Tetracycline or Doxycycline

Supportive Care: IV Fluids and antiemetics

76
Q

Prevention of salmon poisoning?

A

Prophylactic Tetracycline or Doxycycline if dog ingests raw Salmon or Trout.
Infected dogs should be treated with Praziquantel to kill the adult Flukes

77
Q

Pathophysiology of Anal Sac Disease?

A

Abnormality of the paired anal sacs at anal opening

Causes pain and discomfort

78
Q

Disease Etiology of Anal Sac Disease?

A 
Small breed dogs more prevalent.
Over weight
Failure of glands to express normally.
Poor muscle tone.
Gland per secretion.
79
Q

Clinical Signs of Anal Sac Disease?

A

Scooting perineum on the ground.
Licking and chewing perineum.
Painful perianal swelling.
Draining tract in perineum.

80
Q

Diagnosis of Anal Sac Disease?

A

Clinical Signs.

Rectal palpation of anal glands.

81
Q

Treatment of Anal Sac Disease?

A

Flush duct and anal gland.
Express anal gland.
Antibiotics.
Anti-inflammatory drugs.

82
Q

Prevention of Anal Sac Disease?

A

Weight loss.
Anal gland expression.
High fiber meals to increase stool diameter.

83
Q

4 Common Cardiovascular Diseases?

A

Congestive Heart Failure
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Heartworm Disease
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

84
Q

Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

A

Failure of heart to pump blood from the left side to meet metabolic needs or prevent pooling of blood in the pulmonary venous circulation.

85
Q

Etiology of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

A 
Pump Failure (Muscle Failure) left ventricle.
Pressure overload.
Systemic hypertension.
Subaortic stenosis – narrowing of the vessels
Volume overload of the left heart.
Mitral valve dysplasia
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Ventral Septal Defect (VSD)
86
Q

Clinical Signs of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

A 
Weakness
Lethargy
Exercise intolerance
Coughing: soft, often on waking.
Tachypnea
Increased CRT
Possible heart murmur
87
Q

Diagnosis of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

A

History
Clinical signs
Auscultation
Radiographs – do quickly, sternum can be preferred and be aware of difficulty breathing
Echocardiography – usually done by a specialist

88
Q

Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

A

Diuretics
Restriction of sodium intake – low sodium prescription diet
ACE inhibitors: Enalapril
Diuretics: Furosemide
Other heart meds: Digoxin, Calcium channel blockers, Beta blockers

89
Q

Pathophysiology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilation or enlargement of left or right chambers of the heart.
Chamber gets bigger concurrent with thinning of the chamber walls.
Dysfunction of the heart muscle resulting in reduced cardiac output.
Dysfunction of heart valves resulting in CHF.
More common in dogs
In cats caused by lack of taurine

90
Q

Etiology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

Majority of cases are idiopathic.
Most common in large breed dogs: Dobermans, Great Danes, Boxers.
Probably an abnormality of the contractile proteins in the heart muscle.

91
Q

Clinical signs of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A 
Coughing
Increased respiratory rate.
Weight loss
Lethargy, weakness.
Abdominal distention
Syncope: fainting due to lack of oxygen to the brain.
92
Q

Diagnosis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

Radiographs: cardiomegaly (enlarged heart).
Echocardiogram: Ventricular and atrial dilation.
Electrocardiogram (EKG): abnormal rhythm and QRS complexes.

93
Q

Treatment of Cardiomyopathy?

A

Enalapril, Spironolactone, Pimobendane. Lasix.

94
Q

Prognosis with Cardiomyopathy?

A

Always fatal.

Death occurs 6 to 24 months following diagnosis.

95
Q

Heartworm disease pathophysiology?

A

Caused by infection with heart worms, Dirofilaria immitus coming from mosquitos

96
Q

Heartworm disease clinical signs?

A 
Coughing.
Tachycardia
Exercise intolerance.
Weight loss.
Signs of Right sided CHF
97
Q

Diagnosis of Heartworm disease?

A

ELISA tests
Knotts test
Radiographs

98
Q

Treatment of Heartworm disease?

A

Melarsomine dihydrochloride (Immiticide): Kills the adult worms.
Hospitalization during treatment to prevent stress.
Treat R-CHF.
Heart worm preventative drugs to kill the microfilaria.

99
Q

Newer treatment of Heartworm disease?

A

Heartworm preventative used to decrease the microfilaria for 3 to 4 months prior to Immiticide treatment.
Used in dogs that are not critically ill.

100
Q

Monthly prevention of Heartworm disease?

A

Ivermectin: Heartgard
Selamectin: Revolution
Milabamycin: Interceptor

101
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy diagnosis?

A 
Clinical signs
Auscultation
Radiographs
Ultrasound
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
More common in cats than dogs
102
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy treatment?

A

Treat cardiac abnormalities. Diuretics (furosemide), beta blockers (propanolol), calcium channel blockers (diltiazem), vasodilators (enalapril), aspirin - buffered

103
Q

Common diseases of the Eye?

A 
Conjunctivitis
Entropion
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
“Cherry Eye”
Glaucoma
104
Q

Pathophysiology of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids

105
Q

Etiology of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?

A 
Infection
Viral
Bacterial
Fungal
Environmental irritation
Foreign body
Allergy
106
Q

Clinical Signs of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?

A

Red conjunctiva
Chemosis: swelling of conjunctiva
Pain
Discharge

107
Q

Diagnosis of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?

A

History
Clinical signs
Cytology, Culture

108
Q

Treatment of Conjunctivitis: Red Eye?

A

Eliminate primary cause

Topical medications: antibiotics, antivirals, anti-inflammatory

109
Q

Pathophysiology of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)

A

Common viral infection of cats.
>80% cats infected as kittens.
Causes upper respiratory and ocular signs.

110
Q

Etiology of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)

A

Kittens infected by aerosolized virus contacting eyes and upper respiratory tract mucosa.
Can cause respiratory signs and conjunctivitis.
Clinical signs last 10 to 14 days.
>80% of cats have latent infections that can recrudesce causing eye & respiratory signs later in life.

111
Q

Clinical signs of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)

A

Chemosis
Epiphora
Discharge
Sneezing

112
Q

Diagnosis of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)

A

Clinical Signs

PCR from conjunctival or corneal swabs.

113
Q

Treatment of Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1)

A

Antiviral eye drops.
L-Lysine supplements.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops

Pierce Vet Tech (9 decks)

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