Clinical Procedures - Hematology Flashcards by Lauren Keifert

8 Parts of the CBC

PCV (%)
TP (g/deciliter)
Dehydration artificially elevates PCV and TP
RBC (# x 10^6/µl)
WBC (#x1000/µl)
Hgb concentration (g/dl) 
Differential (# and %)
Platelet Estimate (range/µl)
Indices

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MCV Indicates what?

size (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic) (femtoliter)

PCV x 10/RBC

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MCHC indicates what?

color (hypochromic, normochromic)

HgB x 100/PCV

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MCH indicates what?

quality control should correlate with MCV (picogram)

HgB x 10/RBC

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Neutrophil appearance

nucleus any size, dark dense nucleus, segmented, cytoplasm clear in most species – dust like granulation

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Lymphocytes appearance

Round cells, nucleus will be very blue and round, cytoplasm may be very little and blue

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Monocytes appearance

Largest WBC, nucleus any shape and lacy, blue gray may have vacuoles

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Eosinophils appearance

any shaped nucleus, cytoplasm has reddish granules, tend to be translucent

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Basophils appearance

any shaped nucleus, granules dark and dense – black or blue (except cats)

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Platelets appearance

vary in size and color, often pale pink or blue, fragments of megakaryocytes

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Reticulocyte Count procedure

make thick slide because anemic, 1:1 ratio of methylene blue dye to blood, let sit 10 minutes and then smear

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What species does not have polychromatophils?

Horses

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What type of reticulocytes do you count?

Aggregate

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When are fibrinogen levels increased?

Inflammation

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Kidney enzyme tests?

BUN and Creatinine

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BUN measures what?

Blood urea levels, a product from amino acid breakdown in the liver that is normally filtered out at kidneys

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Creatinine measures what?

Creatinine breakdown from muscle, kidneys normally filter

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Serum Creatine Kinase measures what?

Creatine released from muscle damage

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Liver enzyme tests?

ALT, AST, GGT, Alk Phos, Bilirubin

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ALT measures liver damage in what species?

Human, Ferret, Rat, Dog, and Cat

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Can ALT be used to determine severity of liver disease?

No, it is only a screening test. No correlation is seen in high levels and severity of disease.

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Where else is ALT found?

Kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas

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In what species is ALT not liver specific?

Horses, ruminants, pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs

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What can elevate ALT?

Lipemia or hemolysis

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What species has high concentration of ALT in liver but no correlation with disease at all?

Birds

ALT was formerly called?

SGPT

AST was formerly called?

SGOT

Where is AST found?

heart, liver, muscle, kidney, and pancreas

Is AST organ specific?

No. It is released due to cellular damage.

Common causes for AST elevation?

hepatic disease, muscular inflammation or injury, hemolysis

What is used to evaluate large animal liver disease?

AST combined with Creatine Kinase or clinical signs to rule out muscular injury

Unconjucated bilirubin has what properties?

Insoluble in water and measured indirectly

Conjucated bilirubin has what properties?

Soluble in water and measured directly

Increased Conjucated bilirubin indicates what?

hepatocellular damage or bile duct injury, not properly leaving liver

Increased Unconjucated bilirubin indicates what?

excessive RBC destruction or difficulty bringing bilirubin into liver - can be shunt in younger animals

GGT is found where?

liver, kidney, muscle | in plasma it is mostly from liver - its function is unknown

What increases GGT?

liver disease, especially obstructive liver disease. | Steroids or Cushing's Disease

Colostrum from sheep, cows, and dogs is high in what enzyme?

GGT

Alkaline Phosphatase is present where?

Almost all tissues, particularly osteoblast, chondroblasts, liver

High alk phos in young animals indicates?

Active bone development. | Steroids or Cushing's Disease

High alk phos in older animals indicates?

Obstructive liver disease, possible bone cancer or injury. Steroids or Cushing's Disease

Clinical signs of acute pancreatitis?

Inflammation, hemorrhage, necrosis, peritonitis, death

Chronic pancreatitis can cause?

Endocrine pancreatic insufficiency (Diabetes Mellitus)

Pancreatic enzyme tests include

Trypsin, lipase, amylase, blood glucose

Total protein can be affected by what?

Altered hepatic synthesis of protein, dehydration, overhydration

Serum protein measures what?

All protein fractions in blood except fibrinogen

Albumin is what percent of total protein?

30-50%

What things will affect albumin levels?

Liver and renal disease, diet, intestinal malabsorption

What electrolyte must be tested in serum?

Calcium, it binds with EDTA

What function is calcium important for?

Maintaining neuromuscular excitability and tone

What electrolyte is calcium inversely related too?

Phosphorous

What function is phosphorous important for?

Carbohydrate metabolism and energy storage

Sodium's function in body?

Distribution of water and maintenance of osmotic pressure. pH regulation.

Potassium's function in body?

Muscular function, respiration, cardiac function

Increased potassium cause and effect?

Acidosis - due to increased acids or loss of bicarbonate

Decreased potassium cause and effect?

Alkalosis - due to excess fluid loss such as vomiting or diarrhea

Magnesium does what?

Activates enzyme systems

Calcium levels are inversely related to what?

Magnesium

Muscular tetany is caused by what?

Inbalance of mg and ca. Seen in cattle and sheep.

Chloride is important to what?

Water retention and osmotic pressure

Chloride is related to what other electrolytes?

Sodium and bicarbonate

Bicarbonate does what?

Acts as a buffer system (pH balance) Kidneys regulate levels. Aids in the transport of CO2.