Animal Diseases - Large Animals Flashcards
AAEP recommends what vaccines for horses?
Tetanus
Eastern/Western Equine Encephalitis
West Nile
Rabies
Common Equine Vaccines?
Equine 5 way *Encephalomyelitis: Eastern, Western, Venezuelan *Influenza *Rhinopneumonitis Tetanus Toxoid Tetanus Antitoxin West Nile Virus Rabies
Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus?
Direct contact between horses
Air borne particles (aerosols)
Infection more common in winter and spring because of low temperature, high humidity, more stall time
Most common in horses age 1-3
Clinical signs of Equine Influenza Virus?
Lethargy and depression Fever Severe, dry cough Increased lung sounds (in some cases) Watery nasal discharge Anorexia Constipation, colic Some muscle soreness
Management of Equine Influenza?
Isolate infected animals
Keep horse warm in well ventilated stall
Avoid stressful situations
Rest until full recovery is important to prevent relapses
Transmission of Equine Encephalomyelitis or Sleeping Sickness?
Biting insects are vector
Birds are host
Humans and horses are dead end hosts
Clinical signs of Equine Encephalomyelitis or Sleeping Sickness?
Severe depression – “sleeping”.
Anorexia.
Convulsions.
Death: death rate is 19% to 90%.
Prevention of Rhinopneumonitis or Equine Herpes Virus (EHV)?
Vx pregnant mares at 5, 7, 9 months
All other horses too is best practice
Pathophysiology of Rhinopneumonitis or Equine Herpes Virus (EHV)?
Can cause abortion storms and /or respiratory signs depending on the strain
Management of Rhinopneumonitis or Equine Herpes Virus (EHV)?
Isolate infected animals.
Keep warm in well ventilated stall.
Avoid stressful situations (i.e.; trailering)
Exercise for brief periods to keep blood and lymph circulating
Clinical signs of Rhinopneumonitis or Equine Herpes Virus (EHV)?
Abortion storms and neurologic disease
Usual signs of respiratory disease as well as:
Increased lung sounds.
Possibly swollen lymph nodes.
Spread of west nile virus?
Infects birds, mosquitos, and culicoides flies
Crows, jays, humans, and horses are dead end hosts.
Clinical signs of west nile virus?
Variable: usually neurologic (weakness, tremors).
Mortality rate in horses 30% to 40% depends on condition of horse
Prevention of west nile virus?
Vaccinate before mosquito season
Require two vaccines, 30 days apart and then once yearly
New vaccine may require boosters
What are the two types of rabies in horses
Dumb Rabies: depression, anorexia.
Rage: Aggressive behavior, very rare.
Symptoms of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA): Swamp Fever?
Fever
Depression
Anorexia and weight loss.
Anemia
Transmission of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA): Swamp Fever?
Arthropods – usually biting flies.
Blood transfusions.
Dirty needles
The virus is found in: Blood, Semen, Tissues
Diagnosis of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA): Swamp Fever?
Coggins Test
Serum is analyzed for antibodies – takes 24 hours to run
Treatment of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA): Swamp Fever?
There is no cure or prevention for this disease - some states require euthanasia
Infected horses will always be carriers - must isolate
Coggins test required when?
This test is required for: Horses traveling between countries and some states. Race horses. Show horses. Horses that are being sold
Etiology of Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
Cause by Neorickettsia resticii thought to be transmitted by aquatic insects.
Predominate in NE
Peak time is June to August
Clinical signs of Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
Depression Anorexia Fever Decreased gut sounds. Some have abdominal pain and diarrhea. Mares may abort in late gestation.
Testing for Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
ELISA – blood.
IFA- blood.
PCR- blood and feces.
Prevention of Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
Vaccines are available and effective.
Vaccinated horses may become infected but have less severe disease
Management of Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
Oxytetracycline
Aggressive fluid therapy with a balanced electrolyte solution.
Monitoring is the same as for colitis and salmonellosis.
Laminitis is a major concern with PHF.
Etiology of Equine Tetanus: Lock Jaw?
Caused by “Clostridium tetani” Anaerobic bacterium that is normally in equine gut. Grows in deep punctures.
Toxin secreted causes disease.
Clinical Signs of Tetanus?
Stiff gait progressing to ataxia. Restricted jaw movements. Prolapsed third eyelid. Anxious, alert expression. Sensitivity to sounds. Opisthotonos (over extension of neck and limbs) Death due to asphyxiation. Course of disease 5 to 10 days.
Treatment of Tetanus?
Antibiotics
Anti-toxin
Tetanus Toxoid
Etiology of Strangles or Equine Distemper?
Cause by the bacteria Streptococcus equi
Common in young horses.
Transmission is through direct contact with infected secretions.
Easily transmitted via fomites.
Clinical Signs of Strangles?
Purulent nasal discharge.
Fever
Copious, purulent nasal discharge
Swelling and abscess formation in the lymph nodes
Management of Strangles?
Isolate infected animals. Hot pack and lance abscesses. Fluids and feed slurries if dysphagic. Keep warm & provide plenty of water. Antipyretics and antibiotics. Disinfect or burn anything in contact with infected horses.
Prevention of Strangles?
Several vaccines available.
Vaccines are not very effective but can decrease the severity of the disease.
High incidence of injection site reactions.
Clinical signs of Salmonellosis in Horses?
Similar to colitis. Acute, profuse, watery, foul-smelling diarrhea. Fever Anorexia Often neutropenia
Causes of Salmonellosis in Horses?
Stressful situations Sudden changes in food Antibiotic use Illness Surgery Immunosuppression Nosocomial origin
Management of Salmonellosis in Horses?
Isolating is very important Sanitation - zoonotic IV fluids, plasma transfusions Monitoring No antibiotics Free choice hay
Cattle Core Vaccines?
IBR BVD PI3 BRSV LEPTO VIBRIO
Optional cattle vaccines?
Pinkeye
Blackleg 7 way - clostridia vaccine
Anthrax
Etiology of Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS): Shipping Fever?
Complex of viral and bacterial infection and stress
Young cattle most likely affected:
Complex of viral and bacterial infection and stress
Young cattle most likely affected
Bacteria involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS): Shipping Fever?
Mannheimia haemolytica
Haemophilus somnus
Viruses involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS): Shipping Fever?
Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Parainfluenza Virus (PI-3)
Bovine Respiratory Corona Virus (RCV)
Clinical Signs of BRDS?
Depression Standing with lowered heads. Fever: 104 F to 107 F. Mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge. Dyspnea. Cough. Morbidity and mortality may be high.
Treatment of BRDS?
Early diagnosis and treatment is key to survival.
Isolate infected animals
Broad spectrum antibiotics for secondary infections.
Prevention of BRDS?
Metaphylaxis: giving broad spectrum, long acting antibiotic on arrival to the feedlot.
Pre-conditioning of cattle:
Dehorning and castrating cattle prior to weaning (stress).
Vaccination against respiratory disease prior to shipping to feedlot (stress).
Pathophysiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)?
Suppression of the immune system when paired with respiratory disease.
Secondary bacterial infections can occur.
Can be fatal
What are the 2 Types of BVD?
- Non-cytopathic strain
- Cytopathic strain - causes: Chronic diarrhea.
and Mucosal Disease (MD
Clinical Signs of BVD?
Fever Depression Anorexia Oral and GI ulcers Diarrhea, sometimes with blood and mucus, sometime chronic
Pathophysiology of respiratory disease and BVD?
BVD cause suppression of the immune system.
Secondary bacterial infections occur
BVD causes what reproductive symptoms?
Uterine infection Abortion Birth defects Immunotolerance in calves Persistently Infected calves
Pathophysiology of mucosal disease and BVD?
Caused by cytopathic BVD virus – can be fatal
Severe erosions to the mucosal surfaces of the GI tract
Clinical signs of mucosal disease and BVD?
Diarrhea Weight loss Crusty eyes and muzzle. Blunting of oral papilla. Chronic coronary band lesions on feet.
Common Causes of Chronic Diarrhea in Adult Cattle?
Gastrointestinal Parasites Johne’s disease Chronic BVD Chronic salmonellosis Bovine Lymphoma Virus (BLV) Chronic renal disease. Chronic liver disease
Etiology of Leptospirosis: Red water disease?
Zoonotic bacteria - Leptospira interrogan passed in urine
Etiology of Vibriosis?
infectious bacterial disease that causes infertility, breeding difficulty and abortion in about 5-30% of affected herds.
Spread by the bull to cows and heifers.
Etiology of rumen acidosis?
Excessive quantities of grains, creates excess lactic acid and decreases pH which degrades the lining of the rumen and leaks out into the blood
Clinical Signs of Rumen Acidosis?
Severe toxemia causes weakness.
Diarrhea.
Dehydration.
Fluid filled static rumen, distended rumen with sloshing and tinkling sounds.
Incoordination or ataxia.
Recumbency – dangerous for aspiration of rumen fluid
Death.
Treatment of severe Rumen Acidosis?
Decrease the production of acid in the rumen by using antibiotics.
Neutralize metabolic acidosis with IV fluids containing bicarbonate.
Rehydration with IV fluids
Treatment of mild rumen acidosis?
Feed hay
Give Magnesium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate orally or by tube into the rumen
Pathophysiology of Hardware Disease or Traumatic Reticuloperitonitus (TRP)?
Perforation of the reticulum and rumen by an ingested foreign object.
The object causes an abscess in the abdomen or pericardium.
Possible Vagal indigestion
Clinical Signs of Hardware Disease or TRP?
Decreased milk production. Anorexia. Hunching up the back. Grunting. Increased heart rate >90 bpm. Reluctance to move or get up. Rumen contractions decrease. Decreased fecal output. Ketosis
Treatment of Hardware Disease?
Antibiotics to treat infection.
Banamine for pain and inflammation.
Magnets
Possibly surgery
Causes of Acute Diarrhea in Adult Cattle?
Coccidiosis Dietary Gastroenteritis Salmonellosis Acute Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Winter Dysentery or Cornonavirus
Etiology of Johne’s Disease?
Caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Calves > 6 mo. infected by oral-fecal route
Clinical signs develop after 2 yrs of age
Pathophysiology of Johne’s disease?
Chronic diarrhea and wasting.
Terminal disease with no treatment.
Organism lives inside macrophages in Peyer’s patches.
Causes thickening of the intestinal wall and malabsorption of nutrients.
Control of Johne’s Disease?
Animals showing signs are culled.
Feed calves pasteurized milk or milk replacer
Possible vaccination available from state?
Pathophysiology of Salmonellosis in cattle?
Suspect when chronic diarrrhea follows change in feed, water, flooding
Clinical signs of Salmonellosis in cattle?
Profuse watery diarrhea. Chronic re-occurring bouts of diarrhea. Weight loss. Hypoproteinemia Leukopenia Electrolyte imbalances: low Na & K
Severe signs of salmonellosis in cattle?
Severe cases may have: Septicemia, especially calves. Abortion Endotoxin shock Death
Treatment of Salmonellosis?
Supportive care Antibiotics Anti-inflammatory drugs Chronically infected animals can be carriers. These animals need to be isolated! Carriers may need to be culled.
Etiology of Mycoplasma pneumonia?
Caused by Mycoplasma bovis. Possibly infected colostrum.
Etiology of Black Leg and Malignant Edema?
Anaerobic bacteria in the Clostridium family.
Black leg: Clostridium chauvoei
Malignant edema: Clostridium septicum
Clinical Signs of Black Leg & Malignant Edema?
High fever.
Severe lameness due to muscle damage.
Swollen muscle mass contains gas subcutaneously, felt as “crepitice”.
Death is rapid (animals usually found dead).
Treatment of Black Leg & Malignant Edema?
Debridement and penicillin with very poor prognosis.
Prevention of Black Leg and Malignant Edema?
Vaccination of calves at 2 months booster in 4 to 6 weeks.
Vaccinate cows prior to calving to provide high number of antibodies in the colostrum.
Etiology of anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis - zoonotic
Pathophysiology of mastitis?
Inflammation of the mammary gland.
Caused by a variety of bacterial organisms
Two types of Mastitis?
Contagious mastitis: from cows and to cows
Environmental mastitis: from cow’s surroundings
Contagious mastitis causes?
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus agalactiae
Corynebacterium bovis
Mycoplasma bovis
Environmental mastitis causes?
Streptococcus dysgalactia Streptococcus uberus Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli Klebsiela spp
Risk factors for mastitis?
Most new infections occur in early lactation. High producing cows are at higher risk. Poor management of housing and bedding. Poor maintenance of milking equipment. Poor milking hygiene.
Clinical Signs of Mastitis?
Abnormal milk
Swollen and painful mammary glands.
Chronic cases have fibrous, atrophied glands. Gangrene in rare cases
Detection of Mastitis?
California Mastitis Test
Milk Culture
Treatment of Mastitis?
Intra-mammary and/or systemic antibiotics
Frequent milking to remove pathogen
Amputation of quarter
Prevention of Mastitis?
Good milking techniques
Pre-clean teats
Milk cows with mastitis last
Causes of abortion in cattle?
Bacterial: Brucellosis, Salmonellosis
Viral: BVD, Bovine Herpes virus
Protozoal: Neospora
Nutritional: toxic plants, deficiencies, etc
Pathophysiology of Milk Fever or Periparturient Hypocalcemia?
Occurs in late gestation or right after parturition
High dietary calcium before parturition can decrease the action of the parathyroid gland.
Clinical Signs of Milk Fever?
Anorexia Tremors Low blood calcium Flaccid paralysis Bradycardia Decreased rumen contractions Death
Treatment of Milk Fever?
Calcium gluconate IV, SC, Orally
Prevention of Milk Fever?
Feed quality hay
Avoid high in Ca mineral supplement
Etiology of Pregnancy Toxemia or Ketosis (Acetonemia)?
Cattle are deprived of feed or unable to ingest adequate energy due to large uterus or heavy lactation
2 Types of Ketosis?
Wasting ketosis
Nervous ketosis
Wasting ketosis symptoms?
Rapid weight loss.
Anorexia: refuses grain at first.
Decreased milk production.
Nervous ketosis symptoms?
Bizarre behavior of rapid onset.
Hyperesthesia
Tremors and ataxia
Clinical signs of ketosis overall?
Anorexia Rumen stasis Scant feces Weakness Recumbency Ketonuria Metabolic acidosis Ketonia: can smell ketones on breath. Fatty liver syndrome
Treatment of pregnancy ketosis?
Delivery of the fetus. Intravenous fluids with glucose & bicarbonate. Insulin Propylene glycol orally Corticosteroids
Causes of Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT)?
Inadequate consumption of colostrum (calf needs at least 2 liters in first 12 hours)
Poor quality colostrum
Prevention of FPT?
Milk the cow and feed the colostrum to the calf in the first few hours of life.
Feed at least 2 liters in the first few hours.
Bottle feeding is best
Diagnosis of FPT?
Serum IgG and TP
Treatment of FPT?
Blood transfusion from the dam
Plasma transfusion
Pathophysiology of Neonatal Diarrhea or Calf Scours?
Rapid dehydration and hypoglycemia leading to septicemia and shock
Causes of Calf Scours?
Bacterial: E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium
Viral: BVD, Rotavirus, Corona virus
Protozoal: Coccidia, Cryptosporidium
Poor Management: Failure of Passive Transfer, Poor quality milk replacer, Dirty environment, Stress
Treatment of Calf Scours?
Oral electrolyte and glucose solutions.
IV fluids with bicarbonate.
Antibiotics.
Correct environmental factors and diet
Etiology of White Muscle Disease (WMD)?
Caused by selenium deficiency.
Causes fibrosis of skeletal and heart muscle tissue
Clinical Signs of WMD?
Irregular gait.
Hunched back appearance.
Heart irregularities.
Death.
Treatment & Prevention of WMD?
Selenium supplementation:
Minerals with selenium.
Injectable selenium products
Pathophysiology of Navel and Joint Infections: Joint Ill?
Bacteria gain entry into the blood stream through the navel.
Bacteria can remain in the navel, or
Spread by blood to the joints causing septic arthritis
Prevention of Navel and Joint Infections: Joint Ill?
Clean calving areas.
Dip navels ASAP after birth
Treatment of Navel and Joint Infections: Joint Ill
Antibiotics.
May need to surgically drain.
May need to flush the joint
Common Diseases found in Ovine and Caprine?
HOT Complex Coccidiosis Polioencephalomylacia Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis Orf – contagious ecthyma Clostridial diseases
H.O.T. Complex is caused by what parasites?
Haemonchus
Ostertagia
Trichostrongyle
Clinical Signs of HOT Complex?
Diarrhea
Severe anemia
Edema
Diagnosis of HOT Complex?
Fecal float
PCV and TP
FAMACHA score
Treatment of HOT Complex?
Deworming
Supportive care: fluids, vitamins, etc
Prevention of HOT Complex?
Deworming at kidding/lambing time.
Worm again at 3-week intervals all spring and summer if not on clean pastures.
Rotate pastures.
Put new kids/lambs on clean pastures.
Etiology of Coccidiosis?
Caused by a protozoal parasite, Eimeria spp
Common cause of diarrhea in lambs and kids
Transmission of Coccidia?
Oocyst (like eggs) are in the soil and feces and can survive for years. They sporulate and are ingested
Diagnosis of Coccidiosis?
A few in a fecal are normal.
Diseased animals have lots of oocysts in fecal.
Treatment of Coccidiosis?
Supportive Care
Coccidiostats:
Albon: Sulfa- antibiotic drug
Deccox & Amprolium- not antibiotics
Deccox & Amprolium side effect?
These products inhibit thiamine production (B1).
Can cause thiamine deficiency which can be fatal
Prevention of coccidiosis?
Clean bedding for new lambs/kids
Don’t mix lambs/kids of different ages.
Feed does/ewes coccidiostats
Polioencephalomylacia in Sheep and Goats (Polio) is caused by?
Deficiency in the B vitamin, Thiamine (B1)
Thiamine is produced by rumen microflora
What things can decrease vitamin B1 (thiamine)?
Thiaminase ingestion: Bracken Fern.
Disruption of rumen microflora: feed changes, prolonged diarrhea, acidosis.
Coccidiostats: Deccox and amprolium.
Clinical Signs of Polioencephalomylacia?
Often young animals are affected. Neurologic signs: Blindness Ataxia Seizures Nystagmus Head pressing Opisthotonus Diarrhea Death if untreated in 1 to 2 days
Treatment of Polioencephalomylacia?
Thiamine injections
Supportive care
Recovery is usually dramatic
Prevention of Polioencephalomylacia?
Give thiamine supplements if using Deccox or amprolium.
Treat diarrhea and rumen acidosis quickly.
Avoid abrupt changes in feed.
Pathology of Contagious Ecthyma or Orf?
A Pox virus infection.
Causes pustules and then scabs on nose, lips, oral mucosa, feet, tail and udder.
Very contagious.
Zoonotic
Treatment of Contagious Ecthyma or Orf?
No treatment, must run its course.
Antibiotics for secondary infections
Prevention of Contagious Ecthyma or Orf?
Quarantine any new addition to herd for 2 weeks.
Vaccine is available for infected herds.
Vaccine causes shedding of live virus, used only in infected herds.
Clostridial Diseases cause what diseases in sheep and goats?
Malignant edema
Black disease
Prevention of clostridial diseases?
Vaccinate with CDT vaccine
Treat liver flukes or prevent access
Common Diseases found in Swine?
Trichina worms Mastitis, metritis, agalactia Transmissible Gastroenteritis Erysipelas or diamond skin Atrophic Rhinitis
Trichina worms are contracted how?
Eating raw meat and garbage.
What can trichina worms cause?
Blindness and severe pain. Form muscular cysts
Pathophysiology of MMA (Mastitis Metritis Agalactia)?
Caused by a combination of bacteria shortly after farrowing.
Treatment & Prevention of MMA?
Farrow pigs in clean environment!
Broad spectrum antibiotics.
Oxytocin to stimulate milk let down
Pathophysiology of TGE (Transmissible Gastroenteritis)?
Viral disease of swine.
Young pigs most affected, but can occur in all ages of pigs.
Causes severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration
Prevention of TGE (Transmissible Gastroenteritis)?
Vaccination of sows and gilts prior to farrowing.
Vaccination of piglets at one week of age
Erysipelas or Diamond Skin Disease caused by what?
Bacteria: Erysipolothrix rhusiopathiae
Clinical signs of Erysipelas or Diamond Skin Disease?
Causes diamond shaped skin lesions, chronic arthritis, and vegetative endocarditis
Prevention of Erysipelas or Diamond Skin Disease?
Vaccination of all pigs at weaning.
Atrophic Rhinitis cause?
Combination of bacterial and viral upper respiratory infection
Atrophic Rhinitis pathophysiology?
Destruction of nasal turbinate cause deformation of the snout
Atrophic Rhinitis prevention?
Vaccination of Sow and Gilts during pregnancy
Piglets prior to weaning.
