Animal Diseases - Large Animals Flashcards
AAEP recommends what vaccines for horses?
Tetanus
Eastern/Western Equine Encephalitis
West Nile
Rabies
Common Equine Vaccines?
Equine 5 way *Encephalomyelitis: Eastern, Western, Venezuelan *Influenza *Rhinopneumonitis Tetanus Toxoid Tetanus Antitoxin West Nile Virus Rabies
Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus?
Direct contact between horses
Air borne particles (aerosols)
Infection more common in winter and spring because of low temperature, high humidity, more stall time
Most common in horses age 1-3
Clinical signs of Equine Influenza Virus?
Lethargy and depression Fever Severe, dry cough Increased lung sounds (in some cases) Watery nasal discharge Anorexia Constipation, colic Some muscle soreness
Management of Equine Influenza?
Isolate infected animals
Keep horse warm in well ventilated stall
Avoid stressful situations
Rest until full recovery is important to prevent relapses
Transmission of Equine Encephalomyelitis or Sleeping Sickness?
Biting insects are vector
Birds are host
Humans and horses are dead end hosts
Clinical signs of Equine Encephalomyelitis or Sleeping Sickness?
Severe depression – “sleeping”.
Anorexia.
Convulsions.
Death: death rate is 19% to 90%.
Prevention of Rhinopneumonitis or Equine Herpes Virus (EHV)?
Vx pregnant mares at 5, 7, 9 months
All other horses too is best practice
Pathophysiology of Rhinopneumonitis or Equine Herpes Virus (EHV)?
Can cause abortion storms and /or respiratory signs depending on the strain
Management of Rhinopneumonitis or Equine Herpes Virus (EHV)?
Isolate infected animals.
Keep warm in well ventilated stall.
Avoid stressful situations (i.e.; trailering)
Exercise for brief periods to keep blood and lymph circulating
Clinical signs of Rhinopneumonitis or Equine Herpes Virus (EHV)?
Abortion storms and neurologic disease
Usual signs of respiratory disease as well as:
Increased lung sounds.
Possibly swollen lymph nodes.
Spread of west nile virus?
Infects birds, mosquitos, and culicoides flies
Crows, jays, humans, and horses are dead end hosts.
Clinical signs of west nile virus?
Variable: usually neurologic (weakness, tremors).
Mortality rate in horses 30% to 40% depends on condition of horse
Prevention of west nile virus?
Vaccinate before mosquito season
Require two vaccines, 30 days apart and then once yearly
New vaccine may require boosters
What are the two types of rabies in horses
Dumb Rabies: depression, anorexia.
Rage: Aggressive behavior, very rare.
Symptoms of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA): Swamp Fever?
Fever
Depression
Anorexia and weight loss.
Anemia
Transmission of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA): Swamp Fever?
Arthropods – usually biting flies.
Blood transfusions.
Dirty needles
The virus is found in: Blood, Semen, Tissues
Diagnosis of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA): Swamp Fever?
Coggins Test
Serum is analyzed for antibodies – takes 24 hours to run
Treatment of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA): Swamp Fever?
There is no cure or prevention for this disease - some states require euthanasia
Infected horses will always be carriers - must isolate
Coggins test required when?
This test is required for: Horses traveling between countries and some states. Race horses. Show horses. Horses that are being sold
Etiology of Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
Cause by Neorickettsia resticii thought to be transmitted by aquatic insects.
Predominate in NE
Peak time is June to August
Clinical signs of Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
Depression Anorexia Fever Decreased gut sounds. Some have abdominal pain and diarrhea. Mares may abort in late gestation.
Testing for Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
ELISA – blood.
IFA- blood.
PCR- blood and feces.
Prevention of Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
Vaccines are available and effective.
Vaccinated horses may become infected but have less severe disease
Management of Potomac Horse Fever: Monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
Oxytetracycline
Aggressive fluid therapy with a balanced electrolyte solution.
Monitoring is the same as for colitis and salmonellosis.
Laminitis is a major concern with PHF.
Etiology of Equine Tetanus: Lock Jaw?
Caused by “Clostridium tetani” Anaerobic bacterium that is normally in equine gut. Grows in deep punctures.
Toxin secreted causes disease.
Clinical Signs of Tetanus?
Stiff gait progressing to ataxia. Restricted jaw movements. Prolapsed third eyelid. Anxious, alert expression. Sensitivity to sounds. Opisthotonos (over extension of neck and limbs) Death due to asphyxiation. Course of disease 5 to 10 days.
Treatment of Tetanus?
Antibiotics
Anti-toxin
Tetanus Toxoid
Etiology of Strangles or Equine Distemper?
Cause by the bacteria Streptococcus equi
Common in young horses.
Transmission is through direct contact with infected secretions.
Easily transmitted via fomites.
Clinical Signs of Strangles?
Purulent nasal discharge.
Fever
Copious, purulent nasal discharge
Swelling and abscess formation in the lymph nodes
Management of Strangles?
Isolate infected animals. Hot pack and lance abscesses. Fluids and feed slurries if dysphagic. Keep warm & provide plenty of water. Antipyretics and antibiotics. Disinfect or burn anything in contact with infected horses.
Prevention of Strangles?
Several vaccines available.
Vaccines are not very effective but can decrease the severity of the disease.
High incidence of injection site reactions.
Clinical signs of Salmonellosis in Horses?
Similar to colitis. Acute, profuse, watery, foul-smelling diarrhea. Fever Anorexia Often neutropenia
Causes of Salmonellosis in Horses?
Stressful situations Sudden changes in food Antibiotic use Illness Surgery Immunosuppression Nosocomial origin
Management of Salmonellosis in Horses?
Isolating is very important Sanitation - zoonotic IV fluids, plasma transfusions Monitoring No antibiotics Free choice hay
Cattle Core Vaccines?
IBR BVD PI3 BRSV LEPTO VIBRIO
Optional cattle vaccines?
Pinkeye
Blackleg 7 way - clostridia vaccine
Anthrax
Etiology of Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS): Shipping Fever?
Complex of viral and bacterial infection and stress
Young cattle most likely affected:
Complex of viral and bacterial infection and stress
Young cattle most likely affected
Bacteria involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS): Shipping Fever?
Mannheimia haemolytica
Haemophilus somnus
Viruses involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS): Shipping Fever?
Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Parainfluenza Virus (PI-3)
Bovine Respiratory Corona Virus (RCV)
Clinical Signs of BRDS?
Depression Standing with lowered heads. Fever: 104 F to 107 F. Mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge. Dyspnea. Cough. Morbidity and mortality may be high.
Treatment of BRDS?
Early diagnosis and treatment is key to survival.
Isolate infected animals
Broad spectrum antibiotics for secondary infections.
Prevention of BRDS?
Metaphylaxis: giving broad spectrum, long acting antibiotic on arrival to the feedlot.
Pre-conditioning of cattle:
Dehorning and castrating cattle prior to weaning (stress).
Vaccination against respiratory disease prior to shipping to feedlot (stress).
Pathophysiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)?
Suppression of the immune system when paired with respiratory disease.
Secondary bacterial infections can occur.
Can be fatal
What are the 2 Types of BVD?
- Non-cytopathic strain
- Cytopathic strain - causes: Chronic diarrhea.
and Mucosal Disease (MD
Clinical Signs of BVD?
Fever Depression Anorexia Oral and GI ulcers Diarrhea, sometimes with blood and mucus, sometime chronic
Pathophysiology of respiratory disease and BVD?
BVD cause suppression of the immune system.
Secondary bacterial infections occur
BVD causes what reproductive symptoms?
Uterine infection Abortion Birth defects Immunotolerance in calves Persistently Infected calves
Pathophysiology of mucosal disease and BVD?
Caused by cytopathic BVD virus – can be fatal
Severe erosions to the mucosal surfaces of the GI tract
Clinical signs of mucosal disease and BVD?
Diarrhea Weight loss Crusty eyes and muzzle. Blunting of oral papilla. Chronic coronary band lesions on feet.
Common Causes of Chronic Diarrhea in Adult Cattle?
Gastrointestinal Parasites Johne’s disease Chronic BVD Chronic salmonellosis Bovine Lymphoma Virus (BLV) Chronic renal disease. Chronic liver disease
Etiology of Leptospirosis: Red water disease?
Zoonotic bacteria - Leptospira interrogan passed in urine
Etiology of Vibriosis?
infectious bacterial disease that causes infertility, breeding difficulty and abortion in about 5-30% of affected herds.
Spread by the bull to cows and heifers.
Etiology of rumen acidosis?
Excessive quantities of grains, creates excess lactic acid and decreases pH which degrades the lining of the rumen and leaks out into the blood
Clinical Signs of Rumen Acidosis?
Severe toxemia causes weakness.
Diarrhea.
Dehydration.
Fluid filled static rumen, distended rumen with sloshing and tinkling sounds.
Incoordination or ataxia.
Recumbency – dangerous for aspiration of rumen fluid
Death.
Treatment of severe Rumen Acidosis?
Decrease the production of acid in the rumen by using antibiotics.
Neutralize metabolic acidosis with IV fluids containing bicarbonate.
Rehydration with IV fluids