Clinical Procedures Flashcards
what are permanent types of ID for mice/rats?
tail tattoo, ear notch, and microchip
latex gloves should be worn when handling rats or mice due to the possibility of the trasnmission of
leptospira
what is the locations of SQ injections in mice/rats?
skin over the neck and loose skin on the abdomen
young pups are generally scooped out how?
in a group with bedding
what type of bedding should be avoided when housing mice and rats?
soft wood bedding
is its acceptable to pick rats up by the tail mid-shaft?
false
when obtaining radiographs in mice and rats, you should tape the patient to what?
the cassette
to evaluate the lvl of anesthesia in a rat, what would you see to know the naimla is at a surgical stage of anesthesia
failure to withdraw from a toe pinch
why should cedar wood shavings be avoided in cages of mice/rats?
it contains compounds that affect hepatic enzymes and cause respiratory problems
what route of administration of mediation can result in lameness or self-mutilation in rats/mice?
IM
which method of animal ID has a national database of animals’ ID numbers so that info can be recovered if an animal is lost or stolen?
microchipping
when performing an IP injection, where should the needle be placed to avoid the contact with internal organs in mice/rats?
Lower left quadrant
if a rat has a wound, which of the following is not recommended for treatment?
bandage the wound
an inexpensive restraining device for rats and mice that can be made from a household item would be:
plastic restraint box
humidity lvls should be kept between what for mice/rats?
40-60%
ear punching is a simple procedure that can be done w/o anesthesia. Easily number the patients up to 99 in mice/rats
true
when gavaging a rat or mouse, what is preferred?
18 guage needle that has been dulled
what is a tranquilizer that is not routinely used in mice/rats?
dormosedan
what type of light do mice see the best in?
dim light
for pet rodents, owners are enouraged to bring patients into the clinic how?
their primary enclosure
noninfectious diseases in rats and mice can releate to
husbandry
during a PE on a rat, what is the first observable signs of disease?
unkept appearance
when administering IP injection, what position should the head of a mouse/rat be in?
downwards
a safe lvl of blood volume of the total body weight that can be collected at one time from a roden is
10%
which route of administration of medication requires that the animal be anesthetized
IO
what is an approved method of restraint for rats and mice?
plastic cone, manual restraint, plastic restraint box
which blood collection procedure should be performed if the animal is to be euthanized immediately after?
cardiocentesis
mice enjoy being suspended in the air
false
when delivering a medication orally to a mouse/rat, avoid rotating gavage needle to prevent
rupturing the esophagus
is more likely to fit when housed together
female rats
what is the most common vessel used for IV injections in rats/mice
lat tail vein
it is recommended to house rats/mice away from other species for what?
they are prey, decrease stress lvls, and increased noise can cause seizures in rats
which of the following is a barbiturate that is approved for use in mice and rats?
pentobarbital
gavage tubes constructed of stainless steel should have a ball tip to help reduce the chance of damage to the patient in mice/rats
true
which of the following is a dissociative agent that can be given to mice and rats?q
ketamine
what condition in rats can be caused by low humidity lvls?
ringtail
what can be used to evaluate the degree of anesthesia
RR, toe pinch, whisker and ear movement to puff of air, and HR
wounds on mice and rats are typically bandaged to prevent limb mutiliation
false
a diet high in ___ helps to prevent hairballs in rabbits
fiber
the ideal temp range for indoor rabbits is
62-70F
rabbit feed should contain roughly ____% of fiber
10
rabbits are considered what
herbivores
when masking a rabbit down for anesthesia, what percentage saturation should the vaporizor be started at?
3%
shredded paper is used in the rabbit litter box because:
rabbits tend to eat clay litter or wood shavings
what challenging procedure is recommended for long surgical procedures in bunnies?
ET intubation
cleaning rabbit cages often requires the use of an acidic cleaner why?
to remove the deposits formed by highly crystalline urine
contrary to dogs, when performing an IM injection into the quadriceps of rabbits, care does not need to be taken to avoid a sciatic nerve
false
when a small volume of blood is needed, what vessel is preferred on a rabbit?
marginal ear vein
what vein in the rabbit ear is most commonly used for blood collection?
marginal
the best vessel to use for IV injections in rabbits is
marginal ear vein
rabbits often communicate warnings of danger by
thumping hindlimbs
oral administration of medications can be administered via what route in rabbits?
with a syringe
when drawing blood, what gauge needles are commonly used in rabbits?
25-27
rabbits are nocturnal animals
true
what can be the greatest risk of happening if a rabbit’s hind legs are not supported when handling the animal?
spinal cord injury
the addition supplements, such as pineapple or papaya juice, aids in preventing what in rabbits?
hairballs
what is a characterisitc commonly seen in rabbits, in which the stool is ingested for nutritional purposes
coprophagy
rabbits high reserve of body fat complicate ____ anesthesia
barbiturate
due to delicate and easily damaged vessels, only hypertonic fluids should be administered IV to rabbits
false
rabbits are said to rarely bite
true
if large volumes of blood need to be collected from a pet rabbit, what location can be used?
jugular vein
when giving a SQ injection in a normal size adult rabbit, up to ____ mL can be administered
100mL
for non-invasive procedures, what is an appropriate restraint method for rabbits?
v trough
what preanesthetic agent is often ineffective in rabbts?
atropine
papaya juice may aid in prevention of hairballs bc it has
proteolytic enzymes
rabbits should alwasy be fasted for how long prior to anesthetic procedures
they don’t need fasted
what is the term for hairballs?
trichobezoars
prolonged fasting in rabbits before anesthesia may lead to what?
hypoglycemia
the option for rabbit restrain when performing an invasive or painful procedure would be
a restraint boxq
if the rabbit kicks and the spinal cord is injured, ___ can result
quad-paralysis
when drawing largeer amounts of blood, a cavutaineer tube should not be used because it can cause collapsing of the vessel in rabbits
true
rabbit feed should contain roughly____% of protein
15
what are rabbits likely to do when they are injured or frightened
squeal loudly
when administering an IM injection in rabbits, what muscle groups should be used?
epaxial and/or quadriceps
a max of ____mL can be given IM to a rabbit
1.5
what preanesthetic agent is most often given to rabbits/
buprenorphine
______ feeding tubes can be placed in anorexic rabbits long term use
nasogastric
SQ injections are commonly given in rabbits where?
botrh in the loose skin over the back and the lateral space just cranial to the pelvis
thanks to the renal portal system, drugs administered to the caudal ____ of the body will travel through the kidneys before the rest of the body (avians)
1/3
birds should be captured from the owners shoulder when in the vet clinic
false
unlike puppies, birds may not outgrow what destructive behavior
chewing
most behaviors bird owners wish to change are either a result of living in captivity or they are an instictual behavior
true
the first step in a thorough PE in a bird is
observe the bird from a distance
if a bird is alert and active, the best method for administering meds is
gastric gavage
2 of the common sites for IO catheters would be (birds)
distal ulna and proximal tibia
what can be used to clip the wings of birds
suture scissors, feline nail trimmers, and wire cutters
gavage tube feeding is indicated for what
fluid support, nutritional support, and medication administration
what is the recommended ratio for pellets vs fresh fruit and veggies for most species of birds?
70% pellets: 30% fresh fruits and veggies
The volume of blood that can be safely taken for sampling in a healthy bird is ______ and in sick birds would be _______ of the total body weight.
1% and 0.5%
bird owners should be advised to avoid teflon cookwear
true
IV catheters should be placed in pneumatic bones bc insertion is easier in these locations
false
captive birds should have their beaks trimmed how often?
they shouldn’t need trimmed
if drawing blood from the jug, what side should be used in birds?
right
what is the max amount of time that a bird should be fasted for prior to a surgical procedure
2-3 hours
when restraining birds with a terry cloth they should be allowed to chew on the material
true
large birds, such as macaws, can have a bite force up to
300 psi
air sac cannulation can be used to administer anesthesia
true
birds are domesticated
false
what premed will result in reduced anxiety but have no analgesic effect in birds?
midazolam
cockatoos, cockatiels, and african grays are noted for
powder down
it is possible to fracture a birds wing if the patient struggles during an exam
true
when delaing with compainion birds that are sick a simple way to medicate is to add meds to the water
false
the best method of feeding an african grey is
feed good quality pellets and fresh fruits and vegetables
perches should never be placed higher or equal to eye lvl to prevent what behavior issue in birds?
dominance
firgure-of-eight bandaging can be used to stabalize the wing for what reason
IO cathetures, soft tissue injuring, and fractures distal to the elbow
what methods can be used for gender determination in birds
endoscopy, DNA testing, and external appearance of feathers
what should not be performed because birds have cartiliginous rings in the trachea?
intubation with a cuffed endotracheal tube
what can be given to birds to offer calcium supplementation
cuttlefish bones
a bird is in need of SQ fluids, what is the best location to administer them?
inguinal
the administration of large volumes through IM injections can lead to
tissue necrosis
the cell that is functionally equivalent to eh mammalian neutrophil is called in a bird
heterophil
The veterinarian has asked you to determine that a bird’s feces has gram-negative bacteria. What type of test would you perform?
gram stain
the best site for blood collection in a large bird would be
the metatarsal vein
it is important to consider where a bird cage should be located in a house. what is an ideal location?
near a window for direct sunlight
what method of ID is the most permanent, positive form of ID available for birds?
microchip
what can be used to trim the beaks of birds?
aluminum oxide grinding stone
an underlying medical condition or stress can lead to what behavior
self-mutilation
the best site for blood collection in a small bird would be
jugular
what behavior issue is not an instictual behavior but rather developed by captive birds as a means of protecting themselves
biting
one method of preventing pododermatitis in bids is
offer perches with varying sizes, textures, and shapes
air sac cannulation is indicated for what in birds?
upper airway disease, airway neoplasia, and tracheal obstruction
if you have been asked to administer an IM injection to a bird, what muscle group would be used?
pectoral
the normal body temp range for a bird is
105-112
chronic masturbation can be a result of what behavior problem in birds?
inappropriate bonding
what type of bird is more likely to have problems with self-mutilation
african gray
what type of caging material should be avoided as it contains substances that are toxic to birds?
galvanized metal
what are the standard views for radiographs of birds
VD and right lateral
oral examinations are most commonly performed in snakes using what?
plastic spatula
reptiles do not breathe well on their own during anesthesia, especially sankes
true
what turtle type is least likely to bite during examinations?
box turtle
maintaining adequate body temp while udner anesthesia helps what in reptiles
helps metabolize drugs/anesthesia better
where should SQ injections be given in a lizard?
lateral coelomic body wall
PE of reptiles or any species starts with what?
visual observation
what is most commonly used to obtain a heart rate in a reptillian patient/
doppler
when performing PE’s it is important to start from the head and work caudal so
systems or parts are not missed
the proper temp to maintain a reptile under anesthesia is
80-90
when applying bandages or splints to reptiles it is best to use sticky tape to help hold them in place
false
what is an acceptable method of obtaining a blood sample in a snake?
caudal tail vein and cardiocentesis
impression smears are performed by
touching the slide to a wound
large femoral pores in the inguana are indicative of
a male lizard
male turtles can sometimes be identified by what?
short tails, long nails, and concave plastron
when collecting blood from a lizard, what is the most common vessel used for collection?
ventral coccygeal vein
when handling turtles the first step is to
gain control of the body
what methods can be used to obtain a fecal sample in reptiles?
cloacal wash
what has a hinged shell which can make restraining the patient difficult?
box turtle
snakes have no epiglottis
true
when capturing lizards that are larger and possibly aggressive what items might be helpful?
towel and gloves
the most common views for radiographing a turtle would be what?
horizontal lateral, DV, and horizontal cr/cd
the most common site to obtain blood samples from lizards would be
ventral tail vein
snake hooks can be used for what
hold the head in order to get a hand hold on it, carry or move the snake, and use for self defense
when collecting blood from a reptile for biochemistry testing, what is the best type of tube and anticoagulant to use?
microtainer with lithium heparin
the help calm some lizards, what can be used?
vagal response
most lizards can be picked up by the tail
false
to gain control of a snake when wishing to remove from a container one needs to
gain control over the head
if a large snake needs to be restrained, a general guide of one person every ____ feet is recommended
3 feet
the subcarapacial venous sinus may be found in what reptile?
turtles
what is the hardest reptile to restrain?
turtle
when measuring the depth of the cloaca probe, a male snake will have a depth of wwhat minimum scales
7
the vagal response in reptiles can be triggered by
gently applying digital pressure to both eyes
the preferred route of administration for large quantities of fluids in reptiles is
intracoelomic
the heart rate of reptiles should be obtained using what instrument and location
doppler and over the heart
male iguanas can be identified by their
femoral pores
male snakes can be identified by what?
the depth of the cloaca probe, residual hooks or claws by the cloaca, and eversion of the hemipenis
when handling reptiles one should make every effort to
keep the body supported
what common anesthesia monitoring equipment is not reliable in reptiles and is rarely used?
pulse ox
the blood volume of most reptiles ranges between what percentage of their total body weight?
5-8%
when performing a PE on a reptile, the first step should be
observing the animal
