Clinical Pharmacology

Question 1

The study of drug administration and drug effects in animals

Answer 1

Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology

Question 2

Fundamental principles of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology

Answer 2

1. Factors affecting ADME
2. Relationships between drug concentration and effect
3. Calculation or drug dose and dosage regimens
4. Effect of routes of administration on drug concentration and effect

Question 3

Occurs when a patient’s response to a drug is modified by food, nutritional supplements, environmental factors, other drug or disease

Answer 3

Drug Interactions

Question 4

Types of drug interactions

Answer 4

1. Drug-drug interactions
2. Drug-food interaction
3. Drug-condition interaction

Question 5

Types of drug-drug interactions

Answer 5

Behavioral, Pharmaceutic, Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic

Question 6

A reaction between two or more drugs

Answer 6

Drug-drug interaction

Question 7

Occur when one drug alters the patient’s behavior to modify compliance with another drug

Answer 7

Behavioral

Question 8

Occur when the formulation of one drug is altereed by another before it is administered

Answer 8

Pharmaceutic

Question 9

Occur when one drug changes the systemic concentration of another drug (alters the bioavailability and duration of effct of drug in the circulation)

Answer 9

Pharmacokinetic

Question 10

Occurs when interacting drugs have either additive effects (overall effect is increased), or opposing effect (overall decreased or even cancelled out)

Answer 10

Pharmacodynamic

Question 11

A reaction between a drug and food

Answer 11

Drug-food interaction

Question 12

A reaction that occurs when taking a drug while having a certain medical condition

Answer 12

Drug-condition reaction

Question 13

Occurs when the amount of the object drug reaching the systemic circulation is affected by a perpetrator drug

Answer 13

Altered Bioavailability

Question 14

Occurs by changing the drug clearance or oral bioavailability

Answer 14

Metabolism

Question 14

Occurs when the metabolism or excretion of the object is affected by perpetrator drug

Answer 14

Altered Clearance

Question 15

Occurs when concentration of drug at the site of action is changed without necessarily altering its circulating concentration

Answer 15

Altered Distribution

Question 16

An injury resulting from the use of a drug

Answer 16

Adverse Drug Event (ADE)

Question 17

Differentiate adverse reaction and side effects

Answer 17

Adverse events are unintended pharmacologic effects that occur when a medication is administered correctly while a side effect is an expected and known effects of a drug that is not the intended therapeutic outcome.

Question 18

Mishaps that occur during prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, adherence, or monitoring of a drug.

Answer 18

Medication error

Question 19

Should adverse reactions be documented?

Answer 19

Yes, it should be documented to prevent future injuries

Question 20

Severity scale

Answer 20

Mild, Moderate, Severe

Question 21

Altered compliance

Answer 21

Behavioral

Question 22

outside the body

Answer 22

Pharmaceutic

Question 23

altered concentration

Answer 23

Pharmacokinetic

Question 24

absorption or first-pass metabolism

Answer 24

Bioavailability

Question 25

Metabolism or excretion of active drug

Answer 25

Clearance

Question 26

Cell membrane transport to the site of action

Answer 26

Distribution

Question 27

Altered effect

Answer 27

Pharmacodynamic

Question 28

A strong inhibitor of CYP3A-catalyze simvastatin metabolism, thus increasing the risk of myopathy

Answer 28

Clarithromycin

Question 29

A strong inhibitor of CYP3A, reduced metabolism of other protease inhibitors thu increasing their effectiveness in treating HIV

Answer 29

Ritonavir

Question 30

Induction of this enzyme decreases the concentration of some drugs by increasing their metabolism

Answer 30

Cytochrome P450 enzyme

Question 31

Pharmacodynamic interactions between drugs with additive effects may be intentional

Answer 31

Pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction

Question 32

Combining drugs with opposing effects may result in?

Answer 32

Loss of drug effects