Clinical Pharmacology Flashcards
The study of drug administration and drug effects in animals
Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology
Fundamental principles of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology
- Factors affecting ADME
- Relationships between drug concentration and effect
- Calculation or drug dose and dosage regimens
- Effect of routes of administration on drug concentration and effect
Occurs when a patient’s response to a drug is modified by food, nutritional supplements, environmental factors, other drug or disease
Drug Interactions
Types of drug interactions
- Drug-drug interactions
- Drug-food interaction
- Drug-condition interaction
Types of drug-drug interactions
Behavioral, Pharmaceutic, Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic
A reaction between two or more drugs
Drug-drug interaction
Occur when one drug alters the patient’s behavior to modify compliance with another drug
Behavioral
Occur when the formulation of one drug is altereed by another before it is administered
Pharmaceutic
Occur when one drug changes the systemic concentration of another drug (alters the bioavailability and duration of effct of drug in the circulation)
Pharmacokinetic
Occurs when interacting drugs have either additive effects (overall effect is increased), or opposing effect (overall decreased or even cancelled out)
Pharmacodynamic
A reaction between a drug and food
Drug-food interaction
A reaction that occurs when taking a drug while having a certain medical condition
Drug-condition reaction
Occurs when the amount of the object drug reaching the systemic circulation is affected by a perpetrator drug
Altered Bioavailability
Occurs by changing the drug clearance or oral bioavailability
Metabolism
Occurs when the metabolism or excretion of the object is affected by perpetrator drug
Altered Clearance
Occurs when concentration of drug at the site of action is changed without necessarily altering its circulating concentration
Altered Distribution
An injury resulting from the use of a drug
Adverse Drug Event (ADE)
Differentiate adverse reaction and side effects
Adverse events are unintended pharmacologic effects that occur when a medication is administered correctly while a side effect is an expected and known effects of a drug that is not the intended therapeutic outcome.
Mishaps that occur during prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, adherence, or monitoring of a drug.
Medication error
Should adverse reactions be documented?
Yes, it should be documented to prevent future injuries
Severity scale
Mild, Moderate, Severe
Altered compliance
Behavioral
outside the body
Pharmaceutic
altered concentration
Pharmacokinetic
absorption or first-pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Metabolism or excretion of active drug
Clearance
Cell membrane transport to the site of action
Distribution
Altered effect
Pharmacodynamic
A strong inhibitor of CYP3A-catalyze simvastatin metabolism, thus increasing the risk of myopathy
Clarithromycin
A strong inhibitor of CYP3A, reduced metabolism of other protease inhibitors thu increasing their effectiveness in treating HIV
Ritonavir
Induction of this enzyme decreases the concentration of some drugs by increasing their metabolism
Cytochrome P450 enzyme
Pharmacodynamic interactions between drugs with additive effects may be intentional
Pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction
Combining drugs with opposing effects may result in?
Loss of drug effects
