Clinical Pathology 1 Flashcards
So you send out your bloodwork and get your results. How do you break it down into groups for interpretation?
CBC:
-Erythron - RBCs
-Leukon - WBCs
-Thrombon - Platelets
Chem + UA + Blood Gases
-Protein Metabolism (Total plasma protein + fibrinogen)
-Energy Metabolism
-Renal
-Minerals (Ca, P, Mg)
- Electrolytes and acid base
-Liver
-Muscle
-Pancreases and GIT
What is included in the Eythron?
RBC masses - RBC count HGB, HCT/PCV
RBC Indices - MCHC and MCV
RBC Morphology
Regeneration - retic count, retic %, CHr, Morphologic changes
Iron Panel
Hematocrit is calculated by:
PCV is determine by:
Machine
Hand/You
*Should match
What are the causes of a regenerative anemia?
Hemorrhage and hemolysis
If you are not given the HCT, how do you calculate it?
HgB x 3 = HCT +/- 1-3 (except in camelids)
What does a heinz body indicate?
Oxidative Injury
How can you tell an anemia may be regenerative without the reticulocyte percent?
If there you have increased MCV and normal MCHC (large cells regernating)
What is included in the Leukon?
Leukocytosis -
-Neutrophilia - left vs right shift, inflammation, epinephrine/corticosteroids
-Lymphocytosis - epinephrine, chronic inflammation
-Monocytosis - stress leukogram, increase demand macrophages, eosinophilia/basophilia (worm, wheezes and weird diseases)
Leukopenia -
-Neutropenia - overwhelming inflammation
-Lymphopenia - eospinpenia - corticosteroid or stress
-Monocytopenia and Basopenia
What is included in the Thrombon?
-Platelet count- thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia (spontaneous hemorrhage)
-Platelet estimation - adequate, decreased, increased, platelet clumps
-Platelet morphology - enlarged (MPV), giant (RBC), infectious agents
-Platelet function (Buccal mucosal bleeding time, aggregometry, flow cytmetry
-vWF
-Coagulation factors (PT/APTT)
-Fibrinogen
-FDP/D-dimers
-Global hemostsis
How can you prevent platelet clumps in your sample?
Use a vacutainer
What parts of the chemistry are indicators of protein metabolism?
-Total plasma protein
-Fibrinogen
-Total Serum Protein
-Albumin
-Globulin
-Serum protein electrophoresis
-Acute phase proteins (serum amyloid A and C-reactive protien
-Ammonia
-Urea
What is the equation needed to ID the ration that tells if inflammation or dehydration occurring?
PP:F ratio = (PP)- (Fibrinogen)/(Fibrinogen)
Horse:
<15 Inflammation
>20 Dehydration
Cattle:
<10 inflmmation
>15 dehydration
What is the equation to find the globulins?
Tp - Albumin = Globulin
What can serum protein electrophoresis tell us?
If there is polyclonal or monoclonal inflammation
What does a polyclonal versus and monoclonal SPE look like?
Polyclonal - Tall narrow albumin and wide taller gamma
Monoclonal- short albumin and tall narrow gamma
What parts of the chem should you consider for energy metabolism?
Carbohydrates - Glucose and Fructosamine
Lipids
-Cholesterol
-Triglycerides
-Ketones (BHB and urine)
-Unesterified fatty acids (NEFAS)
If you see a high glucose on chem, what should you do next?
Check urine to see if transient or permanent
What are the normal glucose thresholds?
Dog: 180-200mg/dL
Cat:270-290mg/dl
Horse: 160-180mg/dl
Cattle: 100-140mg/dl
What chem parameters are you looking at to think about renal funciton?
Primary: Creatine, BUN, Urinalysis (UPC), SDMA
Secondary: Albumin, Minerals, electrolytes, Acid-Base
What are the mineral on the chem test?
Primary: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
Secondary: Albumin, ALP and Renal Profile
What does it mean if you have an increase in P?
Decreased glomerular filtration
If calcium is low, where should you look next?
Look at the Albumin
What values do you look at to determine electrolyte and acid-base status?
Na, K, Cl, Hco3 (Tco2), Anion Gap, Blood Gases
Whats the formula for corrected chloride?
Average Na/Measured Na x measured Cl
High = metabolic acidosis
Low = Metabolic Alkalosis
What values do you look at on chem to evaluate the liver?
Injury: ALT, AST, GLDH/GDH, SDH, LDH
Function: Albumin, BUN, Glucose, Cholesterol, Coagulation Factors, Conjugated Bilirubin, Fibrinogen, Ammonia, Bile Acid, RBC
Cholestasis: ALP, GGT, Bilirubin, Urinalysis, Unconjugated Bilirubin, Conjugated Bilirubin, Delta Bilirubin
What parameters are used to identify muscle injury?
Primary: Ck
Secondary: AST vs ALT, LDH vs ALT, K and P, Urinalysis -> Myoglobin
What parts do you asses to look for exocrine pancreas information?
Lipase and Amylase, Trypsin like immunoreactivity, Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, cobalamin and folate
