Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

What is microscopy?

A

Direct visualization of bacteria through a microscope

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2
Q

What is in vitro culture?

A

Planting specimens on appropriate culture media and performing ID by MALDI

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3
Q

What are signs of inflammation?

A

Systemic: fever, lethargy and inappetence - bloodwork, leukocytosis, neutrophilia and left shift
Local signs: heat, swelling, pain, discharge and loss of function

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4
Q

How do you know if you need to culture?

A
  • If the definitive diagnosis would change the treatment, control or prognosis
    -If disease is very serious or life threatening
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5
Q

What is empirical therapy?

A

Administration of therapy based on previous experience (may be someone Elses)

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6
Q

When is empirical therapy indicated?

A

-High level of efficacy for proven treatment
-waiting for results for c/s
-cant afford c/s

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7
Q

What should you base your empirical treatment on?

A

-Likely bacteria to cause the disease
-Likely antimicrobial sensitivity pattern
-other factors like location of infection, cost antibiotics and ease of administration

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8
Q

What is a common pathogen that causes UTI in dogs?

A

E.coli (Rod) or staph pseudointemedius (Cocci)

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9
Q

What is a common empirical treatment for an uncomplicated UTI?

A

Amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, Cefpodoxime, Trimethoprim-sulfonamides

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10
Q

If the dog returned and you know the owner had been Complient what is the next step?

A

Culture and sensitivity

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11
Q

When is a specific diagnosis needed?

A

-Animal is significantly compromised (young or old or co-morbidities)
-Superinfection suspected
-Suspected pathogens don’t have predictable susceptibility pattern
-poor response to earlier therapy
-outbreak of disease
-suspect disease is reportable

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12
Q

What are some suspect pathogens you would culture?

A

Staphs
Recurrent pyoderma
Strep Equi (strangles)
Reportable

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13
Q

What are some things to consider when collecting a sample that may be used for culture and sensitivity?

A

Specific location, is the site sterile or does it have normal flora, when should you sample, what technique should you use

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14
Q

What is the 4 point rule to make sure you collected sterily?

A

-Collected correctly
-inflammation was present
-organism present
-can it cause this disease

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15
Q

If the site has normal flora what should you be asking yourself?

A

-Is what I found normal flora
-is it in excess numbers
-can it cause disease

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16
Q

If you have a sample question what should you do?

A

Call the lab

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17
Q

Samples for microbiology testing need to be…

A

kept cold (except dermatophytes, blood culture, CSF, joint fluid and anaerobic culture)

18
Q

If you have the choice between taking a tissue/fluid sample or a swab you should choose?

A

Tissue and fluid

19
Q

If you are going to send a sample for culture it must stay ….
You should never put samples you want to culture in…

A

Moist

Formalin, alcohol, EDTA or Heparin

20
Q

Why do microbiologist hate swabs?

A

-Dont get enough material (.5ml or % bacteria)
-Bacteria adhere to them and wont come off
-Dry out
-Exposed to air
-People thick them where they shouldn’t

21
Q

If you have to use a swab, what type should you use?

A

Flocked, plastic shaft
-Dry PCR
-Correct media
-Guarded if uterine or nasopharyngeal

22
Q

What do you use the following media for:
-Stuarts:
-Amies:

A

Stuart: aerobic or PCR
Amies: Aerobic, anaerobic or fungal

23
Q

Where should you use a swab?

A

Mucous membranes, ears, uterus, cornea

24
Q

What are 2 ways we evaluate samples?

A

Cytologically and culture

25
Cytology can give you a pretty good...
presumptive diagnosis (many respiratory fungi ID this way)
26
What are some pros and cons of fluid aspirations/centesis?
Pro: Preferred for all sample, easier for sterile technique, more material, cheap and easy Neg: Bacteria dont like in them forever, like anaerobes
27
What can you take an aspirate sample of?
Joint, thoracic, abdominal, blood, CSF, tracheal wash, pustule, abscess *no swab in fluid*
28
What are some pros and cons to tissue samples?
Pros: need to pass normal flora (draining tract), bacteria survive longer in tissues, tissue represent all path process Cons: invasive, need sedation and anesthetic, expensive, need transport media, add sterile saline to keep specimen moist
29
Tell me about blood cultures:
-Need special bottle (aerobic and anaerobic) -Must take aseptically (prep for venipuncture, alcohol top, ml blood per bottle -3 separate samples in 24 hours (before antimicrobial therapy, or right prior to next dose -don't refrigerate
30
What are some pros and cons of a free catch sample?
Pro: cheap, may be only way to collect Con: contaminated with normal fora
31
What are the major goals of transportation?
-Prevent contamination -maintain viability of all organisms present -Maintain ratio of bacteria in sample if mixed (urine room temp, biopsy on dry ice)
32
What are some major problems with transportation?
-sample drying (saline on all sides), this side up label -exposure to noxious atmosphere -Excess time delays
33
What are key points to transportation?
-Deliver ASAP -Deliver in proper primary and secondary containers -Keep cool (4C) - unless room temp -In correct transport media
34
Results are only as good as the...
sample collected (bad sample = bad results)
35
What are some microbiology rules?
-Problem list with differentials -Empirical only when appropriate - using knowledge of bugs and drugs -collect correct sample from correct site -correct rules to interpert results -NO draining tracts -Always evaluate for inflammation and bacteria -Transport to lab ASAP in right media at temp with history -consider host factors and pathogen virulence -4 point rule
36
What are the steps to bacterial investigation:
1. Is there inflammation 2. Collect a sample for culture and susceptibility 3. Transport to lab
37
If you have discospondlitis what are some of your differentials?
Fungal: aspergillus, blasto, histo, coccidia Bacteria: staph, brucella, strep, pasturella Non-infectious: congenital, healing and unstable fracture
38
Can we treat emperically?
difficult site serious consequence zoonotic pathogen on list no normal flora here -NO emperical
39
How would we sample for discospndlitis?
Aerobic, anaerobic, fungal blood and urine -Blood if think hematogenous -serology brucella -CSF (EDTA antimicrobial)
40
Even if it is a predictable pathogen, but it is zoonotic what should we do?
Culture and sensitivity