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Medical Microbiology > Clinical Disease > Flashcards

Clinical Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Escherichia Coli (Clinical)

A

Septicemia (Bacteremia)- Pathogenic bacteria in the blood stream (originates from urinary or GI tract and high mortality in immunocompromised patients)
UTI
Bacteria originates from colon

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2
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of urethra

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3
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of urinary bladder

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4
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of kidneys

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5
Q

Neonatal meningitis (E. coli) Clinical Disease

A

E. coli and group B streptococci biggest cause
75% E. coli strains posses K1 capsular antigen
K1 strain common present in GI tract of pregnant women

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6
Q

Gastroenteritis (E. coli) Clinical Disease

A

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
Most common manifestation include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and fever
Incubation period 6-72hrs
Symptoms last 2-7 days

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7
Q

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Clinical Disease

A

Major cause of infant diarrhea (in poor countries)
Strains contain a pathogenicity island that codes for attachment and subsequent destruction of microvilli of epithelial cells of small intestine (A/E histopathology)
Microvilli destruction leads to malabsorption (watery diarrhea)

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8
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) Clinical Disease

A

Causes infant diarrhea in developing countries
Travelers diarrhea (Montezuma’s Revenge)
Plasmid mediated LT and ST toxins (Stimulate hypersecretion of fluids and electrolytes)

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9
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC) Clinical Disease

A

Common in developed countries
May progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome (acute renal failure with severe sequelae (5% mortality)
Produce Shiga toxins (A/E lesions decreasing absorption)

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10
Q

Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC) Clinical Disease

A

Similar to Shigella
In underdeveloped countries
Plasmid mediated invasion of intestinal cells, followed by replication and lysis of epithelial cells (colonic ulceration)

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11
Q

Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC) Clinical Disease

A

Causes infant diarrhea in underdeveloped countries and traveler’s diarrhea in adults
Plasmid mediated agglutination in a “stack brick” arrangement
Stimulate secretion of mucus that traps bacteria in biofilm
Observe shortening of microvilli leading to decreased absorption

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12
Q

Salmonella Gastroenteritis

A

Most common
Incubation period 6-72 hours (infection not intoxication)
Symptoms last 2-7 days and usually self resolving

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13
Q

Salmonella Bacteremia

A

All species can cause, although some serovars have higher incidence
S. Choleraesuis, S. Paratyphi, S. Typhi, S. Dublin
Higher incidence in pediatric, geriatric, and immunocompromised patients

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14
Q

Enteric Fever (Typhoid Fever) Salmonella

A

Caused by S. Typhi
Bacteria passes through intestinal epithelium and are engulfed by macrophages, replicate and transproted to other organs (Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow)
Symptoms 10-14 days later
Lasts for a week

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15
Q

Salmonella Asymptomatic Colonization

A

S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi
Chronic colonization for more than 1 year after infection
Constant shedding

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16
Q

Shigellosis (Shigella) Clinical Disease

A

Gastroenteritis
Symptoms 1-3 days later
Tenesmus (Feeling of incomplete defecation)
Abundant neutrophils, erythocytes and mucus found in the stool
Asymptomatic colonization in small number of patients

17
Q

Yersinia Clinical Disease

A

Bubonic plague

Pneumonic Plague

18
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis Clinical Disease

A

Meningitis (Inflamed meninges)
Occurs in conjunction with meningococcemia
100% mortality if untreated

19
Q

Meningococcemia (Nesseria Meningitidis)

A

Bacteremia caused by N. meningitidis
May occur with or without meningitis (life threatening)
Petechial lesions can coalesce to form larger hemorrhagic lesion
Disseminated intravascular coagulation may follow (blood clots throughout entire body)

20
Q

Other Neisseria Meningitidis Clinical Diseases

A

Pharyngitis
Arthritis
Pneumonia
Urethritis

21
Q

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Clinical Diseases in Men

A

Gonorrhea (The clap or the drip)
Urethritis (Purulent discharge and dysuria)
Epididymitis (Red swollen painful scrotum)
Most infections are acute and symptomatic after 2-5 days
Early treatment prevents serious sequelae

22
Q

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Clinical Diseases in Women

A

Cervicitis/Vaginitis (Burning urination, vaginal discharge, fever, abdominal pain)
Typically asymptomatic
Complications (Pelvic inflammatory disease, Peritonitis, Arthritis Disseminated gonococcal infection)

23
Q

Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (Neisseria Gonorrhoeae)

A 
Result of bacteremia 
Often skin lesions
Petechiae
Pustules on extremities
Arthralgias (pain in joints)
Tenosynovitis (Inflammation of tendon sheath)
Septic arthritis
Occasional complications (Hepatitis, endocarditis, or meningitis)
24
Q

Other Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Clinical Diseases

A

Proctitis
Pharyngitis
Gonococcal Opthalmia Neonatorum (Infected eye in newborn, lid edema, erythmea, purulent discharge)

25
Q

Cholera (Vibrio Cholerae)

A

2-3 day incubation

High infectious dose (>10^8 CFU)

26
Q

Vibrio Cholerae Gastroenteritis

A

Milder form of diarrheal disease
Infection of non-toxin producing strains of V. Cholerae O1 and in serotypes other than 01 or O139
V. parahaemolyticus

27
Q

Aeromonas Clinical Disease

A

Emerging pathogen worldwide
Diarrheal Disease (Mild to sever dysenteric diarrhea)
Wound Infections (Injury followed by contaminated water)
Opportunistic Systemic Infections (Immunocompromised individuals)

28
Q

Campylobacter Clinical Disease

A

Acute enterocolitits

Bacteremia

29
Q

Heliobacter pylori Clinical Disease

A

Gastritis
Can progress to ulcers
Risk factor for gastric carcinoma

30
Q

Nocardia Clinical Disease

A

Bronchopulmonary disease
Indistinguishable from other pyogenic organisms based on signs
Develops slowly
In immunocompromised individuals

31
Q

M. Tuberculosis Clinical Disease

A

Restricted to lungs
Middle to lower lung initially
Cellular immunity activated, replication ceases within 3-6 weeks
Signs reflect infection site
Complaints of malaise, weight loss, cough and night sweat
Sputum production can be scant or bloody and purulent (tissue destruction)
Abcess formation and cavitation in X-ray

32
Q

M. Leprae Clinical Disease

A 
Tuberculoid form (Milder, Hypopigmented skin macules)
Lepromatous form (Disfiguring skin lesions, nodules, plaques, thickened dermis)

Medical Microbiology (9 decks)

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