Characteristics

Question 1

Nocardia

Answer 1

Aerobic, Gram +
Branched filamentous form in tissues and cultures similar to HYPHAE in fungi
Catalase +, use carbs oxidatively
Slow growers, 3-5 day incubation

Question 2

Myobacterium

Answer 2

Non-spore forming, acid-fast
Aerobic slow growing bacilli
Complex cell wall with lipids and acids (mycolic acids)
Resistant to environment and disinfectants

Question 3

M. Tuberculosis (Myobac)

Answer 3

Agent of tuberculosis (TB, Consumption, White Plague)
Leading cause of death worldwide
Transmission via close personal contact by aerosols

Question 4

M. Leprae (Myobac)

Answer 4

Etiological agent of leprosy (Hansen disease)
Can’t be cultured on artificial medial
Slow growing (up to 20 years)
Clinical manifestations depend on immune status

Question 5

Enterobacteria

Answer 5

Gram -
Oxidase -
Non-spore forming facultatively anaerobic rods
Easily destroyed by heat and disinfections
Ubiquitous (microbiota of large intestine in humans and animals; also in soil, water and decaying matter)
Cause opportunistic infections
Some frank pathogens (Shigella, Y. pestis, Salmonella)

Question 6

Enterobacteria

Answer 6

Causes a lot of diseases
Nosocomial, UTI (70%), wound infections, pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia (35%)
Originates from an animal reservoir, human carrier, or endogenous spread

Question 7

Escheria Coli (Entero)

Answer 7

Most common species in Escherichia genus
Common inhabitant of GI tract
Motile
Some beta-hemolytic
Grows on ordinary media
Serotyping by O, K, and H antigens
Causes a lot of clinical diseases

Question 8

Cystitis (Entero)

Answer 8

Caused by E. coli or Staph. saprophyticus
Antibiotic-sensitivity tests may be required before treatment
Causes PYELONEPHRITIS (from E. coli)

Question 9

Pyelonephritis (Entero)

Answer 9

Caused by untreated CYSTITIS

Scarring of kidneys occurs in chronic infections (Impairs function)

Question 10

Salmonella types (Entero)

Answer 10

Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori
6 subspecies
S. Typhimurium (I4, [5], 12:i:1,2]) from S. enterica
Typing based on Kauffmann-White scheme (OH antigens)

Question 11

Salmonella (Entero)

Answer 11

Gram - 
Faculative anerobic rods
Non-lactose fermenting
Oxidase 0
Most types are motile
Most types produce H2S
Resist Bile
Frank Pathogen
Intestinal pathogen of humans and animals
Animal reservoir, human carriers, fruites, and vegetable
Food-borne
Can be host or non-host adpated (S. Typhi humans)

Question 12

Shigella (Entero)

Answer 12

Causes Shigellosis or Bacillary Dysentery
Frank Pathogen
Non-Lactose fermenting
Non-motile
Should be considered serologically distinct biogroup in E. coli
4 speices: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei

Question 13

Yersinia (Entero)

Answer 13

Genus contains 11 species, 3 important human pathogens
Yersinia pestis (non-motile), Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis
Gram -
Catalase +
Faculative anaerobe
Loses motility at 37C

Question 14

Klebsiella (Entero)

Answer 14

Large mucoid capule
Causes pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis
Effects alcoholics, smokers, and compromised pulmonary function
Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, Proteus
Mostly cause nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients
Pneumonia, UTI, bacteremia, wound infections

Question 15

Family Vibrionaceae

Answer 15

Curved (comma shaped) or straight bacilli
Aerobic or anaerobic
Oxidase +
Non-spore forming
Primarily found in water
Associated with GI diseases
Genera of human disease: Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas

Question 16

Genera Vibro

Answer 16

Short (comma shaped)
Oxidase +
Gram - rods
Water habitat
Facultative anaerobics that grow at 18-37C
Most halophilic

Question 17

Vibrio Cholerae

Answer 17

Etiologic agent of Asiatic cholera
Single polar flagella (H antigen)
O antigen (LPS) major serological grouping
Low tolerance to acid
150 serogroups for V. cholerae
O1 and O139 associated with epidemics (produce chloera toxin)
O1 subdivided into 3 serotype and 2 biotypes

Question 18

Aeromonas (Vibrio)

Answer 18

Gram -
Facultative anaerobic fermentative rod
Morphologically resembles memeber of the family Enterobacteriaceae
14 species, most associated with human disease
A. hydrophilla, A. caviae, and A. veronii biovar sobira
Ubiquitous in fresh and brackish water

Question 19

Campylobacter (Vibrio)

Answer 19

Thin curved 
Gram - rod
Unable to oxidize or ferment carbs
Microaerophilic growth
5-7% O2 and 5-10% CO2
Prefers 42C to 37C
Small

Question 20

Helicobacter (Vibrio)

Answer 20

Discovered in 1983 by Barry Marshall
Helicobacter pylori associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancers
Other Helicobacter associated with gastroenteritis

Question 21

Neisseria Meningitidis

Answer 21

Gram -
Aerobic diplococci
Non-motile
Non-spore forming
Catalase +
Oxidase + for glucose and maltose (acid produced from oxidation of carbs)
Encapsulated
Spmewhat fastidious
Low temp growth range and susceptible to drying
Grows on chocolate agar and nutrient agar

Question 22

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Answer 22

Readily spread by sex
Gram - diplococci
Fastidious (CO2 loving/capnophilic)
Susceptible to cool temps, drying, and fatty acids
Produces acid from glucose

Question 23

Enterobacteriaceae Physiology and Structure

Answer 23

Small Gram -
Oxidase neg
Non-spore forming facultatively anaerobic rods
Can be non-motile or motile with peritrichous flagella
Non-fastidious
Ferment Glucose
Reduce Nitrate
Catalase +
Serological typing based on 3 antigens (K,H, and O)

Question 24

K
H
O

Answer 24

K- Capsule
H- Flagella
O- O polysaccharide of LPS