Clinical Correlations III: Atherosclerosis Flashcards
ankle brachial index
- normal 1
- <0.4 = severe disease
Your patient has started Nicotine Patches and he is also watching his diet. Is there anything else your patient may due that would increase vascularization of the lower extremity and improve his claudication?
Exercise increases collateral formation and has been shown to improve claudication much more effective then platelet aggregation inhibitors clopidogrel and ASA.
•collateral formation
A 60 year old male with hyperlipidemia, DM Type 2, and HTN presents to your clinic with buttock pain and calf pain bilaterally. The pain is aggravated by activity such as walking and when he stops walking it resolves. He also complains of erectile dysfunction which is not improved with Sildenafil. On exam he has very weak pulses 1+ femoral bilateral and you can barely feel popliteal pulses. Ankle pulses are also barely palpable. Where do you think the stenosis is in the arterial tree?
1-popliteal artery • 2- femoral artery • 3- external iliac • 4-Aorta just before the bifurcation
- 1-popliteal artery
- 2- femoral artery
- 3- external iliac
- 4-Aorta just before the bifurcation
- Internal illiac supplies pelvis including through pudendal artery penile artery
- External iliac becomes common femoral
A 55 year old female presents with a 3x5 ulcer over the right medial malleolus. (see photo) She has 2+ pulses on both the right and left femoral, popliteal and PT/DP. Which of the following clinical factors would be most consistent with these findings?
• 1- A history of prior anti-coagulation • 2- A history of smoking • 3- A history of Von Willebrand Disease • 4- A history of hyperlipidemia
- 1- A history of anti-coagulation
- 2- A history of smoking
- 3- A history of Von Willebrand Disease
- 4- A history of hyperlipidemia
• A 70 year old male presents with a ulcer over the dorsum of left foot. (see photo) He has bilateral claudication and bilateral pain over the dorsum of the feet over the metatarsal heads at rest. He has a 50 pack year history and is trying to stop smoking. He has had 2 MIs in the past and has undergone 2 coronary artery stenting procedures. What physical finding is most consistent with this clinical picture?
- 1- Left sided pulses (femoral, popliteal, DP/PT ) 1+ ; and all pulses on the right side 2+
- 2- Left and right sided pulses- 1+femoral and popliteal, and absent ankle pulses
- 3- Large varices over the back of the calf
- 4- Large varices along the path of the great saphenous vein.
• Distal ulcers often represent arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency or diabetic ulcer –try to identify the etiology of this ulcer:
•arterial
• Distal ulcers often represent arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency or diabetic ulcer –try to identify the etiology of this ulcer:
•diabetic
• Distal ulcers often represent arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency or diabetic ulcer –try to identify the etiology of this ulcer:
•venous
• How do you treat these ulcers? • If these patient needed surgery (colon resection) what do you think would be there major risk factor and why? • 1- arterial disease • 2- venous disease • 3- Type 2 DM
• A 35 year old with a very strong family history of MI and stroke. He is noted to have xanthomas over the elbow and eyelid. His labs are as follows. He has Type 2 DM He has a BMI of 38 • TG 850 mg/dL ( 60mg/dL) • LDL 120 mg/dL (normal < 100 mg/dL)
What would be a reasonable treatment plan?
- Statin to lower TG and cholesterol
- Add if target not reached HDL inhibits CETP-and TG: Fenofibrate/Niacin /Omega 3
- Add Fenofibrate (increase LPL) or Niacin or Omega 3-
- Increase HDL decrease TG (increases LPL activity)
A 30-year-old man with a 5-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the ED with severe dull epigastric pain that began suddenly this morning and gradually worsened. The pain is now 8/10 and radiates to his back and is slightly relieved by sitting up and leaning forward. He tried to eat earlier but that made the pain worse. He has no vomiting, diarrhea, change in bowel habit or history of weight loss. He does not drink alcohol or have a history of gallstones. He takes metformin for the DM but no other medications. He checks his blood sugar only rarely. The last check was several weeks ago and his blood sugar was markedly elevated at 350 mg/dL. On examination, vital signs are normal except tachycardia of 110. The patient weighs 190 kg and has a high BMI. There is marked tenderness in the epigastrium but no other positive findings. Blood is sent to the lab. The tube of his blood is shown following centrifugation.
A 25-year-old graduate student is seen in clinic for evaluation of hyperlipidemia. His family history is positive for early cardiovascular disease and high cholesterol. His father has a history of high cholesterol and an MI at 38. An uncle died of a “heart attack” in his forties and an aunt had a stent placed before age 50. Physical examination is normal except for the skin changes shown. The patient’s lipid panel shows total cholesterol of 520 mg/dL (normal < 200) with an LDL cholesterol of 450 mg/dL. What is causing this severe elevation of LDL and total cholesterol in this young man?
- A. Elevated VLDL secretion
- B. Increased number of LDL receptors
- C. Decreased LDL clearance
- D. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
- A. Elevated VLDL secretion
- B. Increased number of LDL receptors
- C. Decreased LDL clearance
- D. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
Lipoproteins
•particles travel in the blood made up of a central core of fats which include cholesterol esters and Triacylglycerol (TGs )and outer cover of proteins and phospholipids. Allowing intra-vascular transport due to solubility. (VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL, Chylomicrons, Chylomicron Remnants)
Pathognomonic for Hyperlipidemia lll
