Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GIT Anatomy > Clinical correlates > Flashcards

Clinical correlates Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Git Commands flashcards
1
Q

Marginal artery of Drummond

A
  • Describes the arteries supplying the midgut and hindgut when collectively they form a continuous circle along the inner border of the large colon
  • During development, the middle colic artery may not meet with the left colic artery - this is why the most common area of ischemia is at the splenic flexure (SUDECK’S POINT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver

A

Progressive destruction of hepatocytes

Liver cells are replaced by fibrous (scar) tissue and regenerative nodules (lumps)

  • Liver becomes firm
  • Circulation becomes inhibited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common causes of liver cirrhosis

A
  • Chronic alcoholism
  • Hepatitis B and C
  • Fatty liver disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Treatment of liver cirrhosis

A

May involve a shunt of venous blood from the portal system to the caval (systemic) system, or if the cirrhosis is very advanced then a liver transplant may be necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Portal hypertension

A

An increase in pressure of the blood travelling in the veins of the portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does portal hypertension occur

A
  • Venous blood draining away from GIT usually drains to the liver before draining into the IVC so if the route to the liver is obstructed then the reverse (collateral) flow from the portal system veins through to the caval system veins instead can divert blood to the heart instead of the liver
  • The small caliber veins of both the portal and caval system are not suited to handle this reversal of blood for an extended period of time, as these collateral veins are forcing through a very large vol of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Suprahepatic causes of portal hypertension

A
  • Cardiac diseases
  • Hepatic vein thrombosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hepatic causes of portal hypertension

A
  • Cirrhosis and acute liver failure
  • Hepatocellular cancer
  • Schistosomiasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Infrahepatic causes of portal hypertension

A
  • Arteriovenous malformation
  • Tumour in head of pancreas
  • Splenomegaly
  • Portal vein thrombosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Varices

A

Increased portal blood pressure can result in potentially fatal abnormally dilated veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Portacaval anastomoses

A
  • The hepatic portal vein and its tributaries have no valves
  • Therefore if the venous drainage of GIT gets blocked at the hepatic portal vein, blood can bypass the liver by flowing in a REVERSE DIRECTION and drain to the IVC through an alternative route

GASTROESOPHAGEAL

  • Left gastric -> oesophageal

PARAUMBILICAL

  • Paraumbilical -> epigastric

ANORECTAL

  • Superior rectal -> middle/inferior rectal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is there anastomosis between (in the portal and caval systems)

A

PORTAL - left and right gastric veins

CAVAL - oesophageal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oesophageal varices

A
  • In severe cases of portal hypertension the blood is unable to effectively flow through the liver which causes retroflow in the gastric veins which change to drain into the OESOPHAGEAL veins instead
  • Potentially fatal if one of these fragile, dilated oesophageal veins gets damaged and excessive bleeding occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment of oesophageal varices

A

Can be treated using an endoscope to directly inject the varices with clotting medicine or by placing a band to cut off circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms of oesophageal varices

A
  • Black, tarry stool
  • Paleness
  • Light headed
  • Vomiting - emesis
  • Symptoms of chronic liver disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Caput Medusa

A
  • In severe cases blood is unable to effectively flow through the liver which can cuase retroflow in PARAUMBILICAL VEINS
  • The superficial veins of ant abdominal wall (superficial epigastric and thoracoepigastric) then become extremely dilated and varicose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Treatment of caput medusa

A

Divert portal blood by creating a shunt between larger veins of the caval system in order to relieve pressure

  • Hepatic portal vein -> IVC
  • Splenic vein -> left renal vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CIPS

Hemorroids anastomoses

A

Portal system - superior rectal veins

Caval system - inferior rectal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Internal hemorrhoids

A
  • Found above pectinate line
  • Will not be painful - VISCERAL INNERVATION
  • If damaged, bright red blood in stool - lower GIT bleed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

External hemorrhoids

A
  • Found below pectinate line
  • Painful - SOMATIC INNERVATION
  • Develop from varicose perianal veins that are part of the caval system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Peritonitis

A

Infection can occur if gas, fecal matter or bacteria enter the peritoneal cavity which would result in inflammation of the peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Exudate

A

A fluid rich in cellular elements - serum, fibrin, acid or pus that has seeped out and been discharged from an inflamed organ or vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ascitic fluid

A

Excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity = ASCITES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Paracentesis

A

Surgical puncture of the peritoneal cavity for the aspiration/drainage of the ascitic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inflammation of parietal peritoneum

A
  • Sharp, well-localised pain
  • Tenderness on palpation
26
Q

Inflammation of visceral peritoneum

A
  • Generalised, referred pain that is felt in the associated dermatome of the organ
27
Q

Direction of peritoneal fluid flow when supine

A
  • Inflammatory exudate tends to collect
    1. Hepatorenal recess
    2. Right posterior subphrenic recess
28
Q

Direction of peritoneal fluid flow when inclined

A

Inflammatory exudate collects in the pelvic cavity where there is a slow absorption of toxins

29
Q

Normal vs abnormal flow of peritoneal fluid

A
30
Q

What is dialysis

A

The separation of particles in aliquid on the basis of differences in their ability to pass through a membrane

31
Q

What sort of membrane is the peritoneum

A

A semi-permeable membrane which permits relatively rapid absorption of solutions

32
Q

Peritoneal dialysis in the case of renal failure

A
  • A dilute, sterile solution can be introduced into peritoneal cavity on 1 side of the patient
  • Excess water and soluble waste products (e.g. urea) can be transferred from the BVs
  • The dilute solution and waste products can be drained out of the peritoneal cavity from the other side
33
Q

Pringle manoeuvre

A
  • The portal triad travels within the hepatoduodenal ligament and this can be clamped to control bleeding
  • If a patient is still bleeding internally after clamping, there must be a haemorrhage elsewhere from:
  • R or L hepatic veins
  • Retrohepatic IVC
34
Q

Omental bursa herniation

A
  • Part of GIT (usually a loop of SI) can pass through the omental foramen and become twisted inside the lesser sac
  • Relatively rare

PRE-DISPOSING FACTORS

  • Large omental foramen
  • Redundant/mobile mesentery
  • Elongated right liver
  • Defect in lesser omentum
35
Q

Boundaries of omental foramen

A

ANTERIOR - Hepatoduodenal lig. (containing portal triad)

POSTERIOR - IVC and right crus of diaphragm

SUPERIOR - caudate lobe of the liver

INFERIOR - 1st part of duodenum

36
Q

How do peritoneal adhesions form

A

As a result of damage to the peritoneal surface when sticky fibrin appears in order to assist with the healing process

VIsceral -> adjacent organ

Visceral -> parietal peritoneum

37
Q

What do adhesions limit

A

The normal movement of viscera and could lead to complications

  • Intestinal obstruction (volvulus)
  • Chronic pain
38
Q

Laparotomy

A

Surgical incision into abdominal cavity prior to major surgery

39
Q

Adhesiotomy

A

Surgical separation of adhesions

40
Q

Nerves most at high risk of damage during appendectomy

A
  1. Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
  2. Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)

(either through transverse/grid iron incision at McBurney’s point or laproscopic surgery)

NB Correct ligation of appendicular artery

41
Q

Initial appendicitis

A

General visceral afferent (GVA) - T10 dermatome

42
Q

Acute appendicitis

A

General somatic afferent (GSA) - localised at McBurney’s point

43
Q

Splenic rupture

A

Most commonly injured abdominal organ

If the spleen ruptures, this will lead to:

  • shock
  • intraperitoneal hemorrhage (profuse internal bleeding)
44
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Pathological enlargement of the spleen (10x normal size) accompanied by high BP

45
Q

Cholelithiasis/gallstones

  • How do they form
  • Common in…
  • Symptoms
A
  • Crystals form in gallbladder when there are high concentrations of cholesterol and can be associated with individuals who are regularly dehydrated
  • Relatively common in females and often ASYMPTOMATIC
  • pain in RUQ
  • Pain may be referred to right neck/shoulder region
  • Nausea
  • Cholecystitis
  • Jaundice - due to obstruction of major duodenal papilla/common bile duct
46
Q

Common constriction site of cholelithiasis

A

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is a common constriction site where cholelithiasis often become painfully lodged

47
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

Surgical procedure to remove gallbladder

Gallbladder is not a vital organ so if gallstones have a high risk of reoccurence and regularly cause severe biliary colic then an individual may elect to undergo a cholecystectomy to remove gallbladder

48
Q

Cystohepatic triangle

Borders

A

Must be identified in a cholecystectomy to determine if there is a variation in the cystic artery or biliary apparatus

SUPERIOR BORDER

Inferior border of the liver

MEDIAL BORDER

Common hepatic duct

LATERAL BORDER

Cystic duct

49
Q

Pancreatic cancer (head)

What does it obstruct

What does it lead to

A
  • Head is most common type of pancreatic cancer
  • Tumour could obstruct the common bile duct or the hepatopancreatic ampulla
  • Retention of bile will lead to jaundice (yellowing of skin and sclera of eyes if bile is unable to be released into the duodenum)
  • Can lead to faeces become ACHOLIC -light/grey coloured
50
Q

Cancer of the neck and body of the pancreas

A

Tumour could obstruct:

  • Hepatic portal vein
  • IVC
51
Q

Pyrosis/heartburn

What is it associated with

A

Most common type of oesophageal discomfort and substernal pain

  • burning sensation in the abdominal part of the oesophagus which is perceived in the chest
  • Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disorfer (GERD)
  • Inferior oesophageal sphincter prevents acid reflux
  • May be associated with a hiatal hernia - when the proximal part of the stomach protrudes through the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm into the mediastinum
52
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

A distinct lesion or necrosis of the mucosa in either the stomach, pyloric canal or duodenum as a result of acid erosion

Gastric ulcers and gastritis are the 2 most common (men are affected more)

STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH

  • Mucosal exposure to gastric acid and pepsin
  • Helicobacter pylori bacterial infections
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Aspirin
53
Q

Symptoms of peptic ulcers

A

HEMATESMESIS

Vomiting “coffee ground” blood

MELENA

Black. foul-smelling faeces

54
Q

What are the majority of gastric cancers

Troiser’s Sign

A

Adenocarcinomas - originate in glandular tissue

TROISER’S SIGN - Hard, palpable, enlarged left supraclavicular lymph nodes indicate metastatic cancer in the abdomen

55
Q

Crohn’s Disease/Colitis

A

Similar symptoms to ulcerative colitis but colitis is limited to colon

  • Chronic inflammation of GIT
  • Most common affects ileum and beginning of LI but can occur anywhere from mouth the anus
  • Treatment is designed to suppress immune system’s abnormal inflammatory response
56
Q

Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease

A
  • Persistent diarrhea
  • Rectal bleeding
  • Urgency when time to defecate
  • Abdominal cramps and pain
  • Constipation - bowel obstruction
57
Q

Invasive treatment of Crohn’s Disease

A

COLECTOMY

Terminal ileum, colon and rectum are removed

ILEOSTOMY

Artificial opening (stoma) of the healthy ileum is created through abdominal wall

COLOSTOMY

Opening is created to drain faeces

58
Q

Colonic diverticulosis

A

When multiple false diverticulae (out-pocketings of the mucosa of the colon) develop along the LI

Acquired mucosal herniations which protude through weak areas of the muscular wall

MOST COMMONLY:

  • Occur on the mesenteric side of 2 bands of taenia coli (omental and free) due to perforating nutrient arteries
  • Affect middle-aged and beyond
  • Found on the sigmoid colon
  • RISK FACTORS = low fibre, high meat, BMI > 25
59
Q

Volvulus of the sigmoid colon

A
  • Condition involving the twisting and rotation of the mobile loops of the intestinal tract - SIGMOID COLON
  • CONSTIPATION
  • ISCHEMIA OF INTESTINE
  • If left untreated, necrosis could occur and an immovable collection of compressed feces may develop
60
Q

Referred pain from abdominal organs

A

GIT Anatomy (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions