clinical conditions of the lower limb Flashcards
what movement is controlled by the L2 myotome
hip flexion
what movement is controlled by the L3 myotome
knee extension and hip abduction
what movement is controlled by the L4 myotome
ankle dorsiflexion
what movement is controlled by the L5 myotome
big toe extension
what movement is controlled by the S1 myotome
ankle plantar flexion
what movement is controlled by the S2 myotome
knee flexion
what allows for distension of the femoral vein during exercise
the femoral canal which is an empty space found in the femoral sheath
what is found at the mid point of the injuinal ligament
femoral artery
what is found at the mid inguinal point
femoral artery
what is the mid inguinal point
half way between the ASIS and pubic symphysis
what is a bakers cyst
inflammation and swelling of the semimembranosus burse in the knee
what does an aneurysm in the popliteal fossa affect the most
tibial nerve
what nerve is damaged in Trendelenburg gait
superior gluteal nerve
what nerve is damaged in foot drop
deep peroneal nerve
what can cause foot drop
tight fitting shoes compressing the extensor retinaculum
damage to the head of the fibula
what is piriformis syndrome
the piriformis compresses the sciatic nerve giving sciatica due to ill formation
what can block the knee to keep it locked
torn meniscus or pieces of bone
what is housemaids knee
prepatella bursitis
what is clergymmans knee
infrapatella bursitis
how do you asses collateral ligament of the knee damage
through medial and lateral rotation
how is the ACL torn
hyperextension or force to the back of the knee
how is the PCL torn
when the knee is flexed and force hits
what is the unhappy triad
ACL, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
how is the limb seen in a hip dislocation
shortened and medially rotated
what is an intracapsular fracture
fractures of the femoral neck (inside the fibrous capsule)
what artery is affected in an intracapsular fracture
medial circumflex artery
what is at risk of happening in an intracapsular fracture
AVN of the femur head
what would be the treatment for an intracapsular fracture
total hip replacement and not dynamic screws as the bone is dead
how is the leg seen in intertrochanteric fractures
shortened and laterally rotated
what is a Pott’s fracture
bimalleolar ankle fracture
what are bunions
bony deformities on the big toe
what is a valgus bunion
a deformity causing the big toe to deviate away from the midline
what is a varus bunion
a deformity of the big toe to deviate it towards the midline
what is the treatment for bunions
changing shoes
what is hallux rigidus
arthritis of the big toe giving a painful lump on top of the MTPJ
what is the treatment for hallux rigidus
re-alignment, fusion of the bones, replace the bones or removal of the bones
why are ruptures of the Achilles tendon common
due to poor blood supply
what is thompsons test
test for Achilles tendon rupture by grabbing the calf and squeezing
what is charcot anthropathy
when diabetics have fractures and dislocation with minimal or no known trauma
what is the appearance of tredenlenburg gait
pelvic drop in the other side as gluteus medius and minimus cant contract to stabilise the pelvis
what is an antalgic gait
pain on weight bearing so use a walking stick on the other side
what is a hemiplegic gait
when the limb is extended due to a hemi brain injury
what is a diplegic gait
seen in cerebral palsy where there is knee flexion, adduction and plantarflexion giving a scissoring movement
how is a Parkinsonian gait seen
short steps and shuffling
true or false the ACL heels well
false
where can the femoral pulse be felt
midway between the pubis symthysis and ASIS
what is a femoral hernia
when part of the bowel pushes through the saphenous opening
what is adductor canal block
where local anaesthetic blocks the saphenous nerve for surgery
what is adductor canal compression syndrome
entrapment of the neurovascular bundle within the adductor canal
what can cause adductor canal compression syndrome
hypertrophy of vastus medialis
what are reasons for swelling in the popliteal fossa
aneurysm, bakers cyst, DVT, neoplasms
what causes fractures of the neck of the talus
excessive dorsiflexion
what causes fractures to the body of the talus
jumping from a height
what type of fracture is seen with the calcaneus
comminuted - bone breaks into several pieces
what 3 ways can fracture the metatarsals
direct blow, stress fracture and excessive inversion
how do patella dislocations occur
high impact force or sudden twisting
how do patella fractures occur
trauma
what is the most common type of patella dislocation
lateral
what prevents lateral dislocation of the patella
vastus medialis
why might the saphenous vein be stripped
due to varicose veins
what nerve may be damaged when the saphenous vein is stripped
saphenous nerve
where should intramuscular injections be given
in the upper lateral quadrant of the gluteal region
what is found in the tarsal tunnel
posterior tibial artery and vein, tibial nerve
what are the causes of tarsal tunnel syndrome
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and trauma
what is congenital hip displacement
when the hip joint does not develop properly in utero
how is congenital hip dislocation treated
with a Pavlik harness holding the femoral head in the hip joint
what type of hip dislocation is most common
posterior - as this is where the joint capsule is weakest
how can you test for ACL damage
attempt to pull the tibia forward if it moves then the ligament has been torn
how do you test for PCL damage
attempt to push the tibia posteriorly if it moves it has been torn
what is an ankle sprain
partial or complete tears in the ligaments of the ankle joint
which ankle ligament is most at risk of irreversible damage
anterior talofibular ligament
true or false the lateral ligament at the ankle is stronger than the medial
false
where is the dorsalis pedis pulse located
between extensor halluces longus tendon and extensor digitorium
how can you treat varicose veins
surgical removement, reconstruction of the valves, tying off the valves
