clinical conditions of the lower limb

Question 1

what movement is controlled by the L2 myotome

Answer 1

hip flexion

Question 2

what movement is controlled by the L3 myotome

Answer 2

knee extension and hip abduction

Question 3

what movement is controlled by the L4 myotome

Answer 3

ankle dorsiflexion

Question 4

what movement is controlled by the L5 myotome

Answer 4

big toe extension

Question 5

what movement is controlled by the S1 myotome

Answer 5

ankle plantar flexion

Question 6

what movement is controlled by the S2 myotome

Answer 6

knee flexion

Question 7

what allows for distension of the femoral vein during exercise

Answer 7

the femoral canal which is an empty space found in the femoral sheath

Question 8

what is found at the mid point of the injuinal ligament

Answer 8

femoral artery

Question 9

what is found at the mid inguinal point

Answer 9

femoral artery

Question 10

what is the mid inguinal point

Answer 10

half way between the ASIS and pubic symphysis

Question 11

what is a bakers cyst

Answer 11

inflammation and swelling of the semimembranosus burse in the knee

Question 12

what does an aneurysm in the popliteal fossa affect the most

Answer 12

tibial nerve

Question 13

what nerve is damaged in Trendelenburg gait

Answer 13

superior gluteal nerve

Question 14

what nerve is damaged in foot drop

Answer 14

deep peroneal nerve

Question 15

what can cause foot drop

Answer 15

tight fitting shoes compressing the extensor retinaculum

damage to the head of the fibula

Question 16

what is piriformis syndrome

Answer 16

the piriformis compresses the sciatic nerve giving sciatica due to ill formation

Question 17

what can block the knee to keep it locked

Answer 17

torn meniscus or pieces of bone

Question 18

what is housemaids knee

Answer 18

prepatella bursitis

Question 19

what is clergymmans knee

Answer 19

infrapatella bursitis

Question 20

how do you asses collateral ligament of the knee damage

Answer 20

through medial and lateral rotation

Question 21

how is the ACL torn

Answer 21

hyperextension or force to the back of the knee

Question 22

how is the PCL torn

Answer 22

when the knee is flexed and force hits

Question 23

what is the unhappy triad

Answer 23

ACL, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus

Question 24

how is the limb seen in a hip dislocation

Answer 24

shortened and medially rotated

Question 25

what is an intracapsular fracture

Answer 25

fractures of the femoral neck (inside the fibrous capsule)

Question 26

what artery is affected in an intracapsular fracture

Answer 26

medial circumflex artery

Question 27

what is at risk of happening in an intracapsular fracture

Answer 27

AVN of the femur head

Question 28

what would be the treatment for an intracapsular fracture

Answer 28

total hip replacement and not dynamic screws as the bone is dead

Question 29

how is the leg seen in intertrochanteric fractures

Answer 29

shortened and laterally rotated

Question 30

what is a Pott's fracture

Answer 30

bimalleolar ankle fracture

Question 31

what are bunions

Answer 31

bony deformities on the big toe

Question 32

what is a valgus bunion

Answer 32

a deformity causing the big toe to deviate away from the midline

Question 33

what is a varus bunion

Answer 33

a deformity of the big toe to deviate it towards the midline

Question 34

what is the treatment for bunions

Answer 34

changing shoes

Question 35

what is hallux rigidus

Answer 35

arthritis of the big toe giving a painful lump on top of the MTPJ

Question 36

what is the treatment for hallux rigidus

Answer 36

re-alignment, fusion of the bones, replace the bones or removal of the bones

Question 37

why are ruptures of the Achilles tendon common

Answer 37

due to poor blood supply

Question 38

what is thompsons test

Answer 38

test for Achilles tendon rupture by grabbing the calf and squeezing

Question 39

what is charcot anthropathy

Answer 39

when diabetics have fractures and dislocation with minimal or no known trauma

Question 40

what is the appearance of tredenlenburg gait

Answer 40

pelvic drop in the other side as gluteus medius and minimus cant contract to stabilise the pelvis

Question 41

what is an antalgic gait

Answer 41

pain on weight bearing so use a walking stick on the other side

Question 42

what is a hemiplegic gait

Answer 42

when the limb is extended due to a hemi brain injury

Question 43

what is a diplegic gait

Answer 43

seen in cerebral palsy where there is knee flexion, adduction and plantarflexion giving a scissoring movement

Question 44

how is a Parkinsonian gait seen

Answer 44

short steps and shuffling

Question 45

true or false the ACL heels well

Answer 45

false

Question 46

where can the femoral pulse be felt

Answer 46

midway between the pubis symthysis and ASIS

Question 47

what is a femoral hernia

Answer 47

when part of the bowel pushes through the saphenous opening

Question 48

what is adductor canal block

Answer 48

where local anaesthetic blocks the saphenous nerve for surgery

Question 49

what is adductor canal compression syndrome

Answer 49

entrapment of the neurovascular bundle within the adductor canal

Question 50

what can cause adductor canal compression syndrome

Answer 50

hypertrophy of vastus medialis

Question 51

what are reasons for swelling in the popliteal fossa

Answer 51

aneurysm, bakers cyst, DVT, neoplasms

Question 52

what causes fractures of the neck of the talus

Answer 52

excessive dorsiflexion

Question 53

what causes fractures to the body of the talus

Answer 53

jumping from a height

Question 54

what type of fracture is seen with the calcaneus

Answer 54

comminuted - bone breaks into several pieces

Question 55

what 3 ways can fracture the metatarsals

Answer 55

direct blow, stress fracture and excessive inversion

Question 56

how do patella dislocations occur

Answer 56

high impact force or sudden twisting

Question 57

how do patella fractures occur

Answer 57

trauma

Question 58

what is the most common type of patella dislocation

Answer 58

lateral

Question 59

what prevents lateral dislocation of the patella

Answer 59

vastus medialis

Question 60

why might the saphenous vein be stripped

Answer 60

due to varicose veins

Question 61

what nerve may be damaged when the saphenous vein is stripped

Answer 61

saphenous nerve

Question 62

where should intramuscular injections be given

Answer 62

in the upper lateral quadrant of the gluteal region

Question 63

what is found in the tarsal tunnel

Answer 63

posterior tibial artery and vein, tibial nerve

Question 64

what are the causes of tarsal tunnel syndrome

Answer 64

osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and trauma

Question 65

what is congenital hip displacement

Answer 65

when the hip joint does not develop properly in utero

Question 66

how is congenital hip dislocation treated

Answer 66

with a Pavlik harness holding the femoral head in the hip joint

Question 67

what type of hip dislocation is most common

Answer 67

posterior - as this is where the joint capsule is weakest

Question 68

how can you test for ACL damage

Answer 68

attempt to pull the tibia forward if it moves then the ligament has been torn

Question 69

how do you test for PCL damage

Answer 69

attempt to push the tibia posteriorly if it moves it has been torn

Question 70

what is an ankle sprain

Answer 70

partial or complete tears in the ligaments of the ankle joint

Question 71

which ankle ligament is most at risk of irreversible damage

Answer 71

anterior talofibular ligament

Question 72

true or false the lateral ligament at the ankle is stronger than the medial

Answer 72

false

Question 73

where is the dorsalis pedis pulse located

Answer 73

between extensor halluces longus tendon and extensor digitorium

Question 74

how can you treat varicose veins

Answer 74

surgical removement, reconstruction of the valves, tying off the valves