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Musculoskeletal System > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones are their in the skeleton

A

206

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2
Q

how many bones are in the upper limb

A

64

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3
Q

how many bones are in the lower limb

A

62

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4
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton (5)

A

support, protect, movement, mineral and growth storage, haematopoesis

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5
Q

where does haematopoesis take place in children

A

in the long bones like the tibia

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6
Q

where does haematopoesis take place in adults

A

pelvis, skull, vertebrae and sternum

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7
Q

what is the structure of long bones

A
  • primarily compact bone with spongy bone at the extremities
  • diaphysis, metaphysis and epiphysis
  • articular cartilage at the edges
  • periosteum layer
  • medullary cavity
  • epiphyseal growth plates
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8
Q

what is the medullary cavity and what colour is it?

A

the cavity in the middle of long bones which is red in children as its involved in haematopoesis but yellow in adults due to its fat content

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9
Q

what is the structure of short, flat and sesamoid bones

A
  • consists mainly of spongy bone with a thin layer of periosteum covered compact bone on the outside
  • no epiphysis or diaphysis
    contains bone marrow between the trabeculae
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10
Q

give an example of

  1. short bone
  2. long bone
  3. sesamoid bone
  4. flat bone
A
  1. carpal bones
  2. femur
  3. patella
  4. skull
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11
Q

what are sesamoid bones

A

bones embedded within a tendon or muscle

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12
Q

what are the 4 arteries supplying the bone

A
  1. nutrient artery - enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen
  2. periosteal arteries - supplies the periosteum and outer 1/3 of the cortex
  3. metaphyseal arteries
  4. epiphyseal artery
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13
Q

what happens to the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries in adults

A

they from anatomoses once the epiphyseal growth plate fuses

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14
Q

give 4 causes of avascular necrosis

A

fracture, dislocation, radiation and steroid use

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15
Q

what is avascular necrosis

A

death of bone due to interruption of blood supply

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16
Q

which bone does avascular necrosis most commonly occur and why

A

femur. the arteries supplying the neck are often insufficient to sustain the bone and so fractures that disrupt these arteries cause the head to die.

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17
Q

why does avascular necrosis lead to secondary osteoarthritis

A

the cartilage breaks down

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18
Q

what is a joint

A

articulation between 2 or more bones

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19
Q

what are the 3 types of structural classification of joints

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
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20
Q

where are fibrous joints found

A
  1. sutures of the skull
  2. inferior tibiofibular joint
  3. radioulnar interosseous joint
  4. posterior sacroiliac joint
  5. joints between teeth and the bone of mandible
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21
Q

what are primary cartilaginous joints

A

where the bones are united by hyaline cartilage

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22
Q

where are primary cartilaginous joints found

A

1st sternocostal joint, xiphisternal joint, epiphyseal growth plates

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23
Q

what are secondary cartilaginous joints

A

articulating bone is covered with hyaline cartilage with a pad of fibrocartilage between them

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24
Q

where are secondary cartilaginous joints found

A

symphysis pubis, intervertebral disc, manubriosternal joint

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25
Q

what are synovial joints

A

joint cavity containing synovial fluid

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26
Q

why do bones crack

A

the bones are pulled away from each other, expanding the synovial cavity. but the synovial volume stay constant so a partial vacuum is produced. the gases dissolved in the synovial fluid are pulled out of solution giving a popping noise

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27
Q

what are the effects of aging on joints

A

decreased production of synovial fluid
thinning of articular cartilage
shortening of ligaments and reduced flexibility

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28
Q

what is arthritis

A

inflammation and stiffness of a joint

29
Q

what are the symptoms of arthritis

A

pain, swelling and stiffness

30
Q

what are the signs of arthritis

A

swelling, deformity, tenderness, reduced range of movement and abnormal gait

31
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

the wearing or articulating surfaces, giving a loss of joint space and the bones begin to grind

32
Q

what are subchondral bone cysts

A

fluid filled sacs in the bone beneath the articulating cartilage in osteoarthritis

33
Q

what are osteophytes

A

bone spurs due to new bone formation at the margins of arthritic joints in osteoarthritis

34
Q

what is subchondyl sclerosis

A

think layer of increased bone density below the articulating cartilage in osteoarthritis

35
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A

an autoimmune disease where autoantibodies attack the synovium causing synovial inflammation (pannus)

36
Q

where does rheumatoid arthritis usually affect

A

hands, feet, cervical spine and can involve large joints

37
Q

what are risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • more common in women

- aged between 40-50

38
Q

what is seen on an x ray in rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • narrowing of joint space
  • periarticular osteopenia
  • bone erosion in non cartilage protected bone
  • deformity
39
Q

what is periarticular osteopenia

A

loss of bone substance

40
Q

what factors affect the stability and range of motion at synovial joints

A
  1. shape of articulating bones
  2. strength and tension of ligaments
  3. arrangement of muscles
  4. hormones
  5. use/disuse
41
Q

what is a ball and socket joint

A

where a ball like surface of one bone fits into a cup like surface of another

42
Q

give examples of a ball and socket joint

A

hip, shoulder, incudostapedial joint (middle ear)

43
Q

what movements can occur at a ball and socket joint

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation

44
Q

true or false: the ball and socket joint is biaxial

A

false - its multiaxial

45
Q

what is a saddle joint

A

articulating surface where one bone is saddle shaped (concavoconvex) and the other resembles the legs of the rider. It is a biaxial joint

46
Q

what movements occur at a saddle joint

A

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction

47
Q

give an example of a saddle joint

A

1st carpometacarpal joint (base of the thumb)

48
Q

what is a condyloid joint

A

a biaxial joint where an oval shaped condyl of one bone rests on elliptical cavity of another

49
Q

what movements occur at a condyloid joint

A

flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

50
Q

give examples of condyloid joints

A

metacarpophalangeal, radiocarpal (wrist) and atlanto-occipital joint

51
Q

what is a pivot joint

A

a uniaxial joint where a rounded surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed by the concavity of another bone an fibrous ligament

52
Q

give examples of pivot joints

A

proximal radioulnar joint and atlantoaxial joint

53
Q

what is a hinge joint

A

a uniaxial joint which is pulley shaped - the convex surface of one bone fits into to concave surface of another

54
Q

give examples of hinge joints

A

knee, ankle, humeroulnar joint of the elbow

55
Q

what are planar joints

A

where the articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved to give sliding movements in any axis

56
Q

give examples of planar joints

A

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, intercarpal and vertebral facet joints

57
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joints

A
  1. planar
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. ball and socket
  5. saddle
  6. condyloid
58
Q

what is Hilton’s Law

A

the nerves supplying the joint capsule also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

59
Q

what plexus supplies blood to the synovial joints

A

periarticular arterial plexus

60
Q

true or false: articular cartilage is avascular

A

true

61
Q

does the synovial membrane have a good blood supply

A

yes - this is important for maintaining the flow of nutrients to the articulating cartilage through the synovial fluid

62
Q

what are intra-articular menisci

A

fibrocartilage in a synovial joint which is not covered by synovium

63
Q

describe the synovial fluid

A
  • clear/ pale yellow, viscous, slightly alkaline liquid

- made up of hyaluronic acid, lubricin, proteinase and collagenase

64
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid

A

reduces friction, shock absorber, nutrient and waste transporter

65
Q

what are bursa

A

sac lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid to act as a cushion. it reduces friction and allows for free movement

66
Q

what are tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon to reduce friction

67
Q

describe the synovial membrane

A
  • highly vascularised
  • lines the capsule covering exposedbone
  • doesn’t cover articular cartilgar
  • produces synovial fluid
68
Q

describe the fibrous capsule

A
  • made up of longitudinal and interlacing bundles of collagen
  • completely encloses the joint
  • stabilises the joint, resisting dislocation but permitting movement
69
Q

describe the articular cartilage at synovial joints

A
  • usually hyaline cartilage
  • can be fibrocartilage at the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints
  • resists compression
  • shock absorber
  • allows for low friction movement

Musculoskeletal System (11 decks)

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