arm clinical conditions

Question 1

what actions are caused by the myotome C5

Answer 1

elbow flexion, shoulder abduction

Question 2

what actions are caused by the myotome C6

Answer 2

wrist extension, supination

Question 3

what actions are caused by the myotome C7

Answer 3

elbow extension, pronation

Question 4

what actions are caused by the myotome C8

Answer 4

finger grip

Question 5

what actions are caused by the myotome T1

Answer 5

finger abduction

Question 6

what vein is usually used for venepuncture

Answer 6

median cubital vein

Question 7

where can the brachial pulse be palpated

Answer 7

in the cubital fossa

Question 8

what is Volkmann’s ischaemic fracture

Answer 8

where a supracondyle fracture damages the cubital fossa and the brachial artery so the muscles in the forearm are no longer supplied so become fibrotic and short giving flexion

Question 9

what is a supracondyle fracture

Answer 9

fracture of the distal humerus above the epicondyles

Question 10

what nerve is most likely to be damaged in a supracondyle fracture

Answer 10

medial nerve

Question 11

what nerves may be damaged in axially node clearance

Answer 11

long thoracic nerve

Question 12

what does damage to the long thoracic nerve result in

Answer 12

winged scapula

Question 13

how do you test for winged scapula

Answer 13

push arms against the wall and the scapula should protrude

Question 14

what muscle is damaged with winged scapula

Answer 14

serratus anterior

Question 15

what does the flexor retinaculum attach to

Answer 15

schaphoid, trapezium, hamate and pisiform

Question 16

what nerve is damaged in carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 16

median nerve

Question 17

what is Tinel’s sign

Answer 17

tapping the carpal tunnel to see where the pain distributes

Question 18

what is Phalens test

Answer 18

holding wrist flexion for 60seconds to show pain distribution

Question 19

how does axially nerve damage occur

Answer 19

shoulder dislocation and proximal humeral damage

Question 20

how does median nerve damage occur

Answer 20

carpal tunnel syndrome supracondyle fracture

Question 21

how does radial nerve damage occur

Answer 21

mid-humeral fractures

Question 22

how does ulnar nerve damage occur

Answer 22

cubital tunnel syndrome, medial epicondyle fracture

Question 23

what is damaged in lacerations of the wrist

Answer 23

median and ulnar nerve

Question 24

what is Erb’s palsy

Answer 24

damage to C5 root due to trauma or during birth giving a waiter tip position

Question 25

what does Erb's palsy look like

Answer 25

shoulder abduction, external rotation, elbow flexion

Question 26

what is hand of benediction

Answer 26

median nerve damage to the elbow making you unable to flex lateral 3 1/2 fingers due to loss of flexors in forearm

Question 27

what is Klummpke's palsy

Answer 27

damage to lower brachial plexus giving intrinsic hand deformities

Question 28

what is a possible consequence of a scaphoid fracture

Answer 28

AVN due to the retrograde blood flow

Question 29

what is a Boxers fracture

Answer 29

breaking the metacarpals, particularly in the little finger due to punching

Question 30

what is ulnar claw

Answer 30

damage to the ulnar nerve at the wrist causing hyperextension of MCP and flexion of IP joint of medial 2 fingers due to loss of lumbricals

Question 31

what is tenosynovitis

Answer 31

inflammation of fluid filled sheath surrounding tendons

Question 32

what is seen in osteoarthritis

Answer 32

osteophytes, narrowing joint space, pain, sclerosis, cysts

Question 33

when is rheumatoid arthritis worse

Answer 33

in the mornings

Question 34

what muscles are affected in carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 34

L - lateral 2 lumbricals O - opponens pollicis A - abductor pollicis F - flexor pollicis

Question 35

what is Dupuytrens disease

Answer 35

where the palm tissue becomes fibrotic

Question 36

what is tennis elbow

Answer 36

overuse of tendons attaching to the lateral epicondyle giving pain and inflammation

Question 37

what is golfers elbow

Answer 37

over of tendons attaching to medial epicondyle

Question 38

what is cubital tunnel syndrome

Answer 38

compression of ulnar nerve as it passes through the epicondyles of the humerus giving ulnar paradox

Question 39

what is ulnar paradox

Answer 39

compression of ulnar nerve at the elbow meaning that the ulnar claw doesn't look as bad as FDP I now also damaged so theres less flexion

Question 40

what is pulled elbow

Answer 40

sublaxation/ partial dislocation - where theres a tear in the annular ligament so the radial hea dislocated. mainly seen in children as the ligament strengthens with age

Question 41

what is a colles fracture

Answer 41

distal radius fracture from a FOOSH giving a dorsal displacement of the hand

Question 42

what is a smiths fracture

Answer 42

distal radius fracture from falling on a flexed wrist giving ventral displacement

Question 43

what is a moneteggia fracture

Answer 43

ulna fracture with radius head dislocation

Question 44

what is a galeazzi fracture

Answer 44

radius fracture with distal radioulnar dislocation

Question 45

what causes posterior shoulder dislocation

Answer 45

shock or epileptic fit

Question 46

how is the arm seen in an anterior shoulder dislocation

Answer 46

externally rotated and abducted

Question 47

what artery is damaged in an anterior shoulder dislocation

Answer 47

anterior circumflex artery

Question 48

what artery is damaged in a proximal humeral fracture

Answer 48

posterior circumflex artery

Question 49

in a proximal humeral fracture what is the humeral head at risk of

Answer 49

AVN

Question 50

in a mid-clavicular fracture how are the fragments displaced

Answer 50

medial end superiorly due to sternocleidomastoid | lateral is inferiorly due to weight of arm and medially due to pec major

Question 51

what artery is affected in a clavicular fracture

Answer 51

subclavian artery

Question 52

what is painful arc

Answer 52

where pain is experienced when raising the arm between 60-120 degrees as there is an inflamed supraspinous tendon being impinged in the caracoarcomial arch

Question 53

how does a supracondyle fracture occur

Answer 53

falling onto a flexed elbow

Question 54

when is carpal tunnel syndrome worse

Answer 54

in the mornings

Question 55

what is the treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 55

splint to hold the wrist in dorsiflexion, corticosteroid injections and surgical intervention

Question 56

what nerves may be damaged in a clavicular fracture

Answer 56

suprascapular nerves which supply the lateral rotators

Question 57

what artery is damaged in a mid humeral fracture

Answer 57

profunda brachii artery

Question 58

what happens in a mid humeral fracture

Answer 58

wrist drop

Question 59

what is a Bennett's fracture

Answer 59

fracture of the 1st metacarpal base

Question 60

what is the most common cause of accessory nerve damage

Answer 60

due to medical procedure

Question 61

how do you test for accessory nerve damage

Answer 61

ask the patient to shrug their shoulders

Question 62

what is the Popeye sign

Answer 62

when the long head of the biceps brachii ruptures giving a bulge when flexing

Question 63

how is the musculocutaenous nerve damaged

Answer 63

direct injury

Question 64

what types of bursitis can occur in the elbow

Answer 64

subcutaneous bursitis and subtendinosus bursitis

Question 65

what is an aneurysm

Answer 65

dilation of a blood vessel to more than twice its original size