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(LUSUMA) Urinary System > Clinical Conditions > Flashcards

Clinical Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is mixed urinary incontinence?

A

Mixed Urinary Incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine associated with urgency and also with exertion, effort, sneezing or coughing

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2
Q

What is renalagenesis?

A
  • Renalagenesis is a condition which occurs when the uteric bud fails to interact with the intermediate mesoderm
  • It presents with the unilateral/bilateral absence of the kidneys and reduced amniotic fluid volume
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3
Q

What is schistosomiasis?

A
  • Schistosomiasis (aka bilharzia) is a disease affecting the urinary tract and intestines caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes
  • It presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool and/or haematuria
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4
Q

What is stress urinary incontinence?

A

Stress Urinary Incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine on effort, exertion, sneezing or coughing

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5
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

Urinary incontinence is the unintentional passing of urine due to loss of bladder control

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6
Q

What is oedema?

A

Oedema is the accumulation of excessive salt/water in the interstitium

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7
Q

What is Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion?

A
  • SIADH is a condition involving the excessive release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland or another source
  • It results in dilutional hyponatremia
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8
Q

What is overflow incontinence?

A

Overflow incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine from an overfull bladder, often in the absence of any urge to urinate

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9
Q

What is Focal Segmented Glomerulonephritis?

A

FSGS is a type of glomerular disease involving the scarring (sclerosis) of the kidney which only occurs in small sections of each glomerulus and only damages a limited number of glomeruli at first

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10
Q

What is ascites?

A

Ascites is free fluid in the peritoneum

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11
Q

What is urge urinary incontinence?

A

Urge Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine accompanied by urgency

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12
Q

What is IgA nephropathy?

A
  • IgA nephropathy is a kidney disease that occurs when IgA deposits build up in the kidneys, causing inflammation (commonest cause of GN - occurs at any age)
  • It presents with visible/invisible haematuria (+/- proteinuria) and a significant proportion progresses to renal failure as there’s no effective treatment
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13
Q

What is a pelvic kidney?

A

A pelvic kidney is a structural abnormality which occurs when one of the kidneys fails to ascend into the abdomen and remains in the pelvis at the level of the common iliac artery

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14
Q

What is a complicated UTI?

A

A complicated UTI is an infection occurring when 1/more factors are present that predispose the person to persistent infection, recurrent infection, or treatment failure

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15
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Hypospadias is a congenital defect in the fusion of urethral folds wherein the urethra opens onto the ventral surface rather than the end of the glans

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16
Q

What is thin GBM nephropathy?

A

Thin GBM Nephropathy is a benign familial nephropathy involving isolated haematuria, a thin basement membrane and a benign course

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17
Q

What is hypertensive nephrosclerosis?

A

Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is a clinical syndrome characterized by chronic essential hypertension, hypertensive retinopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, minimal proteinuria, and progressive renal insufficiency

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18
Q

What is vasculitis?

A
  • Vasculitis is a group of systemic disorder that destroy blood vessels through inflammation.
  • There is no immune complex/antibody deposition and presents as GN (treatable if caught early)
19
Q

What is Chronic Kidney Disease?

A
  • CKD is a condition leading to the inability to excrete excess salt and water due to reduced kidney function (↓ GFR)
  • It results in hypertension and oedema
20
Q

What is Goodpasture’s Syndrome?

A
  • Goodpasture Syndrome is a condition involving the rapid progression of GN due to an autoantibody to collagen IV in the BM, leading to the acute onset of severe nephritic syndrome
  • It is associated with pulmonary haemorrhage (smokers) and is treatable by immunosuppression and plasmaphoresis
21
Q

What is an uncomplicated UTI?

A

An uncomplicated UTI is an infection caused by a usual organism in a patient with a normal urinary tract and normal urinary function (occur in males & females of any age)

22
Q

What is Alport syndrome?

A
  • Alport syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease involving abnormal type IV collagen and an abnormally appearing GBM
  • It is associated with deafness and progresses to renal failure
23
Q

What is Renal Cell Carcinoma?

A

RCC is a malignant tumour arising from the renal cells in the parenchyma of the kidney

24
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

A horseshoe kidney is a structural abnormality which occurs when two developing kidneys come too close during ascent and fuse into a single horseshoe-shaped structure, consequently becoming stuck under the IMA

25
Q

What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

A
  • SLE is an auto-immune systemic disease which can affect multiple systems and has many different patterns of renal disease
  • It can cause nephritic or nephrotic syndrome
26
Q

What is acute kidney injury?

A
  • AKI is a clinical syndrome wherein there is an abrupt decline in actual GFR (days to weeks)
  • This disrupts homeostasis (ECF volume, electrolyte and acid-base) and leads to an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products
27
Q

What is prostate cancer?

A
  • Prostate cancer is the slow-growing development of cancer in the prostate gland of the male reproductive system
  • It commonly forms in the peripheral zone of the prostate but benign tumours also form in the transitional zone
28
Q

What is Minimal Change Glomerulonephritis?

A
  • Minimal change glomerulonephritis is a condition affecting the kidneys, commonly occuring in adolescence, which causes nephrotic syndrome
  • It presents with proteinuria and podocyte damage rarely progresses to renal failure
29
Q

What is ANCA vasculitis?

A
  • ANCA vasculitis is a type of autoimmune swelling caused by autoantibodies which affects small arterioles often in the kidneys and lungs
  • It offten presents with systemic symptoms: fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, weight loss
30
Q

What is apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome?

A

AME is a condition resulting in an excess amount of aldosterone and cortisol in the distal nephron of the kidney due to excessive liquorice ingestion

31
Q

What is Nephrotic Syndrome?

A
  • Nephrotic syndrome is a condition that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into the urine and leads to widespread oedema and increased susceptibility to infections
  • It presents with proteinuria, low albumin and high serum lipid levels
32
Q

What is diabetic nephropathy?

A

Diabetic nephropathy is the chronic loss of kidney function occurring in those with diabetes mellitus

33
Q

What is a Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma?

A
  • TCC of the bladder is a malignant tumour arising from the transitional epithelial cells lining the bladder
  • It is the most common primary neoplasm of the urinary bladder and the entire urinary system
34
Q

What is membranous glomerulonephritis?

A
  • Membranous glomerulonephritis is a condition affecting the kidneys due to pathology in the glomerular basement membrane involving the build-up of immune complexes within the kidney
  • It is the commonest cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults and can occur by itself or in conjunction with other disease e.g. lymphoma
35
Q

What is a Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma?

A

Renal TCC is a malignant tumour arising from the transitional epithelial cells lining the urinary tract from the renal calyces to the ureteral orifice

36
Q

What is pyonephrosis?

A
  • Pyonephrosis is the infection of the kidney which leads to pus in the upper collecting system which can progress to obstruction
  • It has a very high mortality if untreated
37
Q

What is Nephritic Syndrome?

A
  • ​Nephritic syndrome is a condition comprising signs of nephritis, which is kidney disease involving inflammation.
  • It presents with proteinuria, haematuria and hypoalbuminaemia
38
Q

What is ureteric colic?

A

Ureteric colic is severe and acute pain in the loin area due to the obstruction of the ureter by calculi

39
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Hypertension is the persistent elevation of blood pressure

40
Q

What is Rapidly Progressive / Crescentic GN?

A

Rapidly Progressive / Crescentic GN is a fulminant form of nephritic syndrome caused by crescent formation

41
Q

What is a squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?

A

A squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare malignant neoplasm derived from bladder urothelium with pure squamous phenotype

42
Q

What is clear renal cell carcinoma?

A
  • CCRCC is a renal cortical tumour typically characterised by malignant epithelial cells
  • The proximal convoluted tubule gives rise to this tumour
43
Q

What is adult polycystic kidney disease?

A
  • APCKD is an autosomal dominant disease due to a mutation in either PKD1 gene (~85%) or PKD 2 gene
  • Cysts grow with age, it generally presents in adulthood and is diagnosed with ultrasound and genetic testing
44
Q

What is Chronic Kidney Disease?

A
  • CKD is the irreversible and sometimes progressive loss of renal function over a period of months to years
  • Renal injury causes renal tissue to be replaced by extracellular matrix in response to tissue damage

(LUSUMA) Urinary System (23 decks)

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