Clinical Biochem

Question 1

Whend o you see hyponatremia

Answer 1

water retention

Question 2

when do you see hypernatremia

Answer 2

dehydration

Question 3

when do you see hyperkalemia

Answer 3

renal insuffiency

Question 4

what is a dangerous side effect of hyperkalemia

Answer 4

can trigger cardiac arrest without warning

Question 5

what do changes in Ca++ conc indicate

Answer 5

homronal disturbances

Question 6

where is most phosphate stored

Answer 6

bones

Question 7

hyperphosphatemia indicates waht

Answer 7

degenerative bone disease, renal failure

Question 8

why does hypophosphatemia matter

Answer 8

impairs glucose metabolism

Question 9

what does CO2 pressure tell you

Answer 9

info about bicarbonate buffer system

Question 10

how is serum urea/creatinine affected in impaired kidney function

Answer 10

increases

Question 11

how is urine urea/creatinine affect in impaired kidney function

Answer 11

decreases

Question 12

what odes BUN conc test

Answer 12

balance between amino acid degradation/urea production and excretion

Question 13

elevated BUN indicates what

Answer 13

impaired renal excretion

Question 14

increase in serum creatinine indicates waht

Answer 14

problem with GFR

Question 15

uric acid is the end product of what

Answer 15

purine degration

Question 16

when do you see high uric acid conc

Answer 16

problems with renal exretion

Question 17

increased uric acid predisposes you to what

Answer 17

gout

Question 18

indirect bilirubin

Answer 18

not conjugated to glucuronic acid, tightly bound to albumin

Question 19

direct bilirubin

Answer 19

conjugated to glucuronic acids and water solube

Question 20

waht is the normal serum protein conc

Answer 20

7%

Question 21

what produces albumin

Answer 21

liver

Question 22

what makes up 50% of total serum protein

Answer 22

albumin

Question 23

functions of albumin

Answer 23

• bind hydrophobic molecules
• bind calcium
• maintain oncotic pressure

Question 24

what do low albumin levels manifest as

Answer 24

edema

Question 25

what is the most common cause for hypoalbuminemia

Answer 25

liver disease

Question 26

globulin

Answer 26

heteerogeneous mixture of proteins secreted by cells of immune system.

Question 27

what do globubins indicat

Answer 27

funciton of immune system

Question 28

what secretes c-reactive protein

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

what does c-reactive protein indicate

Answer 29

acute metabolic response to injury

Question 30

when do CRP levels rise

Answer 30

6 hours after injury,

Question 31

when is the peak of CRP

Answer 31

48 hours after injury

Question 32

What heart muscle enzymes are released from damaged cardiomyocytes

Answer 32

``` myoglobin creatine kinase AST troponin LDH ```

Question 33

when is myoglobin high

Answer 33

right after a MI

Question 34

when is CK-MB high

Answer 34

early after an MI

Question 35

when is AST high

Answer 35

after CK-MB

Question 36

what are the most sensitive markers for an MI

Answer 36

troponin

Question 37

when is LDH high

Answer 37

several days after an MI

Question 38

what are increased serum levels of AP indicated of

Answer 38

bone or liver disease

Question 39

what is the difference of AP in liver and vone disease

Answer 39

liver disease has high bilirubin, bone doesn't

Question 40

high AST and low ALT indicates waht

Answer 40

heart or other muscle damage

Question 41

high AST and ALT indicates waht

Answer 41

liver damage

Question 42

what does urine analysis test for

Answer 42

glucose bilirubin ketone protein

Question 43

when do you see ketones in urine

Answer 43

uncontroleld diabetes, or stravation

Question 44

when do you see protein in urine

Answer 44

renealse disease, o rfrom blood or leukocytes in urine

Question 45

when do you see bilirubin in urine

Answer 45

biliary obstruction

Question 46

liver function tests, tests what

Answer 46

bilirubine ALT and AST alkaline phospahte

Question 47

how is urine osmoliaty affected by renal failure

Answer 47

low in relaure failure

Question 48

high c-peptide is a measure of waht

Answer 48

endogenous production of insuline