Cancer

Question 1

cause of cancer is usually traced back to a mutation in what 3 classes

Answer 1

proto-oncogenes
tumor suppressors
caretaker genes

Question 2

proto-oncogenes

Answer 2

control of cell division

Question 3

caretaker gene function

Answer 3

protect integrity of genome

Question 4

6 acquired capabilities of cancer cells

Answer 4

self-sufficiency in growth signals
insensitivity ot antigrowth signals
evade apoptosis
limitless repolicative potential
sustained angiogensis
tissue invasion/metasis

Question 5

ErbB1/HER1

Answer 5

receptor for epidermal growth factor

Question 6

function of erbB1 and HER2

Answer 6

protooncogenes

Question 7

what happens in the mutation that makes ErbB1 an oncogene

Answer 7

gives signal to grow without an appropriate sitmulus

Question 8

what happens in the muation that makes HER2 an oncogene

Answer 8

point mutation, allows receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation in avsence of ligand

Question 9

oncogenic forms of Ras behave inw aht manner

Answer 9

dominant

Question 10

what cancers are mutations in Ras assocaited with

Answer 10

pancreus, large intestine, biliary tract, skin

Question 11

what class are c-fos adn c-myc

Answer 11

protooncogenes

Question 12

what auses burkitt’s lumphoma

Answer 12

inppropriate Mc activity

Question 13

what transloation happens in burkitt’s lymphoma

Answer 13

chormosome 8 to 14

Question 14

what tends to need to happen for a tumor suppressor gene to be inhbiited

Answer 14

damage to both allels of the gene (recessive)

Question 15

what tends to need to happen for a proto-oncogene to be inhibited

Answer 15

damage to one allele (dominant)

Question 16

Rb function

Answer 16

inhbit cell cycle progession

Question 17

what forms are there of retinoblastoma

Answer 17

hereditary and sporadic

Question 18

retinoblastoma is an example of what phenomon

Answer 18

two hit

Question 19

muations in RB1 are assocaited with what kinds of cancers

Answer 19

osteosarcoma
small cell lung
breast

Question 20

why is p53 usually unstable

Answer 20

assocaited with Mdm2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase

Question 21

what happens when p53 is phosphorylated by ATM/ATR

Answer 21

displacement of Mdm2, making p53 more stable

Question 22

what is the gene that iencodes p53

Answer 22

TP53

Question 23

if DNA damage can’t be repaired what does p53 do

Answer 23

signals apoptosis

Question 24

what is the active form of p53

Answer 24

homotetramer

Question 25

what happens if you have a missense muation in a single TP53 allel

Answer 25

produces an inactive protein taht reduces p53 activity within the cell

Question 26

oncogenic p53 mutations act as what

Answer 26

dominant negative muation

Question 27

li-fraumeni syndrome is assocaited with waht kinds of cancers

Answer 27

breast, sarcoma, brain

Question 28

how do you get li-fraumeni syndrome

Answer 28

inherent a muatnt TP53 allel

Question 29

what does E6 inhbiit

Answer 29

p53

Question 30

what does E7 inhibit

Answer 30

Rb

Question 31

NF-1 follows what mechanisms

Answer 31

2-hit

Question 32

BRCA1-BRCA2 are part of what class

Answer 32

caretaker genes

Question 33

function of BRCA1/BRCA2

Answer 33

repair of double-stranded DNA breaks

Question 34

how can increased methylation affect genes

Answer 34

silences

Question 35

how can loss of methylation affect genes

Answer 35

overproduction

Question 36

what happens if you have damge to checkpoint mechanisms and teh shortened chromosomes lack telomere sequences

Answer 36

you get breakage/fusion/bridge cycles and chromosomal instability

Question 37

what happens if you lack telomeres

Answer 37

fusion of sister chromatids at mitosis, get a chromsome with 2 centromeres

Question 38

waht transcription factor does hypoxia trigger

Answer 38

HIF-1alphabeta

Question 39

what happens with HIF-1alpha pairs with HIF0-beta

Answer 39

activat VEGF

Question 40

what does VEGF do

Answer 40

stimualte growth of new blood cessels

Question 41

function of matrix metalloproteases

Answer 41

break down basement membrane

Question 42

fucntino of E cadherin

Answer 42

hold epithelial cells tightly together

Question 43

what happens when you get degration of collagen IV and laminin

Answer 43

stimulate migration

Question 44

symptom of FAP

Answer 44

get thousands to benign polyps in their colon during young age. eventuallly will get colorectal adenocarcomia

Question 45

how do you get RAF

Answer 45

muation of APC

Question 46

function of APC

Answer 46

downregulate growth promoting signals.

Question 47

what happens when you ahve a muajtion that impairs APC function

Answer 47

constitutively active WNT pathway

Question 48

what happens in absense of WNT signals

Answer 48

formation of destruction complex

Question 49

what happens when WNT binds to recpetor

Answer 49

b catenin not destroyed, free beta catenin transolates into nucleus, promotes cellular proliferation

Question 50

HNPCC symptom

Answer 50

cancers of colon, stomach, small intestine

Question 51

HNPCC is assocaited with what genes

Answer 51

MSH2, MLH1

Question 52

function of MSH2

Answer 52

identify DNA containing mismatch errors

Question 53

function of MLH1

Answer 53

helps repair damaged DNA

Question 54

what happens when you get defected NSH2/MLH1

Answer 54

muations accumulate in microsatellite repeasts

Question 55

what is the transloation that heppns in philadelphia chromosome

Answer 55

chromosomes 9 and 22

Question 56

what happens when chromsones 9 and 22 are translocated

Answer 56

fusion of BCR adn ABL1