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clinical bacteriology Flashcards

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1
Q

How are GP first differentiated

A

By morphology

  1. cocci
  2. bacillus
  3. branching
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2
Q

how are GP cocci split first?

A

catalase +

catalase -

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3
Q

catalase + organisms

A

staphylococci

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4
Q

catalase - organisms

A

streptococci direction

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5
Q

how are GP cocci catalase + organisms split?

A

coagulase +

coagulase -

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6
Q

GP; cocci; catalase +; coagulase + organism

A

staph aureus

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7
Q

GP; cocci; catalase +; coagulase - organism split based on what?

A

Novobiocin sensitivty/resistance

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8
Q

novobiocin resistant

A

staph saprophyticus

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9
Q

novobiocin sensitive

A

staph epidermidis

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10
Q

how are GP; cocci; catalase - organisms split?

A

based on ability to undergo hemolysis

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11
Q

classes of hemolysis

A

alpha
beta
gamma

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12
Q

alpha hemolysis

  • extent of hemolysis
  • differentiated by what
  • what color
A
  • partial
  • capsule / optochin sensitivity / bile solubility
  • green
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13
Q

examples of alpha-hemolytic organisms and their differentiating characteristics (2)

A
  1. strep pneumo: capsule / optochin sensitive / bile soluble
  2. viridans strep: no capsule / optochin resistant / bile insoluble
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14
Q

beta hemolysis

  • extent of hemolysis
  • differentiated by what
  • color
A
  • complete hemolysis
  • bacitracin resistance
  • clear
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15
Q

examples of beta hemolytic organisms and their differentiating charateristics (4)

A
  1. GAS (strep pyogenes) : bacitracin sensitive
  2. GBS (strep agalactiae): bacitracin resistant
  3. staph aureus (catalase and coagulase +)
  4. Listeria monocytogenes
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16
Q

gamma hemolysis

  • extent of hemolysis
  • differentiated by what
A
  • no hemolysis

- grown in bile and 6.5% NaCl

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17
Q

examples of gamma hemolytic organisms and their differentiating characteristics (2)

A
  1. GDS (enterococcus): grows in both bile and NaCl

2. Nonenterococcus: grows only in bile

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18
Q

staph aureus

  • types of infections
  • virulence factor and mechanism
A
  1. skin
  2. organ abscesses
  3. PNA (superimposed)
  4. endocarditis
  5. osteomyelitis
  • Protein A: binds to IgG to prevent complement and phagocytosis
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19
Q

MRSA is resistant to? (2)

A

methicillin

nafcillin

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20
Q

Types of toxins that staph aureus has (3)

A
  1. TSST-1
  2. enterotoxin (heat stable)
  3. exfoliative toxin
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21
Q

Special enzymes for algortihm

A

GP / cocci / catalase + / coagulase +

therefore, can form firbin clot around itself and create a abscess

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22
Q

what’s the one that infects prosthetic devices and IV catheters?

A

staph epidermidis

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23
Q

staph epidemidis algorithm

A

GP / cocci / catalase + / coagulase - / novobiocin sensitive

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24
Q

second most common cause of uncomplicated UTI in young women?

A

staph saprophyticus (after e.coli)

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25
Q

staph saprophyticus algorithm

A

GP / cocci / catalase + / coagulase - / novobiocin resistant

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26
Q

strep pneumo is most common cause of what infections (4)

  • virulence factor? mechanism?
A
  1. meningitis
  2. otitis media in children
  3. PNA
  4. sinusitis

capsule - protection
IgA protease to protect from IgA

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27
Q

strep pneumo algorithm

A

GP / cocci / catalase - / alpha-hemolysis / optochin sensitive and bile soluble

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28
Q

viridans strep algorithm

A

GP / cocci / catalase - / alpha-hemolysis / optochin resis and bile insoluble

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29
Q

viridans strep normal flora of where? therefore common cause of what?

cardio relation

A

oropharynx

dental caries

can cause endocarditis at damaged leaflets

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30
Q

strep pyogenes (GAS) algorithm

A

GP / cocci / catalase - / beta-hemolysis / bacitracin sensitive

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31
Q

strep pyogenes (GAS) infections (8)

A
  1. pharyngitis
  2. cellulitis
  3. impetigo
  4. scarlet fever
  5. toxic-shock-like syndrome
  6. necrotizing fasciitis
  7. rheumatic fever
  8. acute glomerulonephritis
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32
Q

strep pyogenes virulence factor… how does this play role in infection too even with protection

A

M protein

cross reactivity of M protein with heart leaflets –> rheumatic fever

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33
Q

what titers detects strep pyogenes infection

A

ASO titer

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34
Q

what commonly precedes post-strep glomerulonephritis?

A

impetigo > pharyngitis

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35
Q

Scarlet fever?

A

scarlet rash with sandpaper texture
strawberry tongue
circumoral pallor

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36
Q

strep agalactiae (GBS) algorithm

A

GP / cocci / catalse - / beta-hemolysis / bacitracin resistant

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37
Q

common infections of GBS

A
  1. PNA
  2. meningitis
  3. sepsis mainly in babies
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38
Q

GBS is common bacteria of what area? therefore…

A

vagina… therefore pregnancy screen at 35-37 weeks … if positive PCN ppx

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39
Q

enterococci (GDS) algorithm

A

GP / cocci / catalase - / gamma-hemolysis / grows in bile and NaCl

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40
Q

enterococci common infections

A
  1. UTI
  2. biliary tract infections
  3. subacute endocarditis (following GU/GI procedures)
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41
Q

GDS is normal flora where?

A

colon, GI

42
Q

what’s REALLY special about enterococci?

A

they are very resistant

VRE - vanco resistant enterococci … nosocomial infections

43
Q

strep bovis …

  • what group strep is it
  • where is it colonized
  • what does it cause
A
  • GDS
  • gut
  • bacteremia and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer pts
44
Q

what encodes diphtheria toxin?

A

beta-prophage

45
Q

presentation of diphtheria toxin infection

A
  1. pseudomembranous pharyngitis (gray-white MB)
  2. LAD
  3. myocarditis
  4. arrhythmias
46
Q

corynebacterium diphtheria algorithm

A

GP with metachromatic (blue/red) granules and Elek text for toxin

47
Q

examples of spore producing GP found in soil

A

bacillus anthracis
clostridium perfringens
clostridium tetani

48
Q

other spore formers: (3)

A
  1. b cereus
  2. c botulinum
  3. coxiella burnetti
49
Q

clostridia with exotons (4)

A
  1. tetani
  2. botulinum
  3. perfringens
  4. difficile
50
Q

c. tetani
- what exotoxin does it produce
- what does it do
- what does it cause

A
  • tetanospasmin
  • protease that cleaves SNAREs and prevents release of GABA and glycine
  • spastic paralysis, trismus (lockjaw), and risus sardonicus
51
Q

c. botulinum
- where can it be found
- what does it cause
- properties of toxin

A
  • honey
  • flaccid paralysis
  • preformed, heat-labile toxin that inhibits release of Ach
52
Q

c. perfringens
- what exotoxin
- what does it cause

A
  • alpha toxin (lecithinase)
  • myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis

“perfringnes “perf”orates the leg”

53
Q

c. difficile
- what toxins
- what do they do
- how diagnosed

A
    1. Toxin A (enteroxin)
      1. Toxin B
  • Toxin A binds to brush border
  • Toxin B disrupts actin depolymerization
  • detection of one or both toxins in stool
54
Q

anthrax by what organism

A

bacillus anthracis

55
Q

bacillus anthracis algorithm

A

GP, spore-forming rod

56
Q

what’s particular about bacillus anthracis

A

only bacterium with polypeptide capsule that contains D-glutamate

57
Q

two types of anthrax

A
  1. cutaneous

2. respiratory

58
Q

properties of cutaneous anthrax

- bacteremia?

A

boil-like lesion that causes ulcer with black eschar

  • painless and necrotic
  • rarely to bacteremia and death
59
Q

properties of pulmonary anthrax

-

A

2/2 inhaled spores

- flu-like to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediatstinitis, shock

60
Q

Woolsorter’s disease

A

inhalation of spores from contamined wool

61
Q

bacillus cereus

  • what does it cause
  • properties of toxin
  • what’s toxin called
  • what syndrome does it cause?
A
  • food poisoning
  • spores survive cooking
  • cereulide
  • Reheated rice syndrome
62
Q

Reheated rice syndrome?

  • what organism
  • what toxin
A
  • bacillus cereus

- cereulide

63
Q

Listeria monocytogenes algorithm

A

GP / bacillus / facultative intracellular

64
Q

what’s special about listeria in terms of GP-ness

A

only one that forms LPS

65
Q

Listeria acquired by what mechanisms? (4)

A
  1. unpasteurized dairy
  2. deli meats
  3. trans-placenta
  4. vertical transmission
66
Q

Listeria moves how?

how does it avoid antibody?

A

tumbling motility

forms “rocket tails” via actin polymerization to swim around cytoplasm

67
Q

Listeria causes what sorts of infections in normal healthy people (1)

  • what’s treatment
A

mild gastroenteritis

  • self-resolving
68
Q

Listeria causes what sorts of infections in immunocompromised people? (1)

  • treatment?
A

meningitis

  • ampicillin
69
Q

Listeria causes what in infants? (2)

  • treatment?
A
  1. granulomatosis
  2. infantiseptica
  • ampicillin
70
Q

Listeria causes what in pregnant women? (3)

A
  1. amnionitis
  2. septicemia
  3. spontaneous abortion
71
Q

what bacteria form branching filaments like fungi?

A
  1. actinomyces

2. nocardia

72
Q

actinomyces found where

A

oral flora

73
Q

nocardia found where

A

soil

74
Q

actinomyces causes what sorts of inections? (2)

A
  1. oral abscesses
  2. facial abscesses
    drains via sinus tracts and forms yellow sulfur granules
75
Q

nocardia causes what sorts of infections? (2)

A
  1. pulmonary infection in ummunocompr

2. cutaneous infection after trauma in normal pts

76
Q

treat actinomyces with what

A

PCN

77
Q

treat nocardia with what

A

sulfonamides

78
Q

what’s a Ghon complex

A

TB: hilar nodes and lesion in mid zone lung from primary TB

79
Q

what’s more specific test for TB than PPD?

A

interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)

  • fever FP from BCG vaccination
80
Q

Mycobacterium avium

  • infects whom
  • treatment
A
  • causes disseminated non-TB disease in AIDS

- ppx azithromycin

81
Q

Mycobacteria leprae

  • classification
  • what temperature does i like
A

acid-fast bacillus

likes cold temperature

82
Q

Leprosy causes what disease

A

Hansen disease

83
Q

Two forms of Hansen disease

A
  1. Lepromatous

2. Tuberculoid

84
Q

Lepromatous Hansen disease

  • presentation
  • communicable?
  • immune response
A
  • diffusely over skin
  • leonine facies
  • communicable
  • low cell-mediated immunity
  • largely Th1 humoral response
85
Q

Tuberculoid Hansen disease

  • presentation
  • immune response
A
  • limited to few hypoesthetic, hairless, skin plaques
  • high cell immunity
  • large Th1 response
86
Q

reservoir for mycobacterium leprosae

A

armadillos

87
Q

what does mycobacterium leprosae infect?

A

skin and nerves

stocking glove neuropathies

88
Q

Treatment for lepromatous Hansen disease

A

Dapsone
Rifampin
Clofazimine

for 2-5 yrs

89
Q

Treatment for tuberculoid Hansen disease

A

Dapsone
Rifampin

for 6 months

90
Q

MacConkey agar grows what?

A

pink colonies of lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria

  • KEE
  • klebsiella
  • e. coli
  • enterobacter
91
Q

what about GN makes them PCN G resistant?

A

outer MB and periplasm that has enzymes that prevent entry of active PCN or vanco

92
Q

differences b/w neisseria gonorrheae and meningitidis

A
  • ## both ferment glucose, but only meningitidis ferments maltose also
93
Q

both neisserias have what virulence factor?

A

IgA protease

94
Q

prevention for neisseria gonorrhea

A

condom

erythromycin for eyes in bab ies

95
Q

prevention for neisseria meningitidis

A

rifampin
cipro
or
CTX

96
Q

treatment for gonorrhea

A

CTX (+ azithro for chlamydia)

97
Q

treatment for meningitis

A

CTX or PCN G

98
Q

which neisseira has capsule

A

meningitids

99
Q

Fitz hugh curtis syndrome

  • what is it
  • what causes it
A
  • complication of PID that causes uterine and hepatic capsule adhesions
  • neisseria gonorrhea
100
Q

inside what cells are neisseria gonorrhae often found

A

neutrophils

Microbiology (11 decks)

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