Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis Flashcards
_____ is the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder
Clinical assessment
_____ is the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder
Clinical assessment
_____ is the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder, as set forth in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-5.
Diagnosis
_____ refers to the feeling state that accompanies what we say at a given point. Usually our affect is “appropriate”; that is, we laugh when we say something funny or look sad when we talk about something sad.
Affect
The first neuroimaging technique, developed in the early 1970s, uses multiple X-ray exposures of the brain from different angles;
This procedure, which takes about 15 minutes, is called a computerized axial tomography _____ or CT scan. This gives an image of the brain structure.
(CAT) scan
Several more recently developed procedures give greater resolution (specificity and accuracy) than a CT scan without the inherent risks of X-ray tests. A now commonly used scanning technique is called nuclear _____.
to produce detailed pictures of the inside of your body. It may be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for a variety of conditions within the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Subjects undergoing a _____ scan are injected with a tracer substance attached to radioactive isotopes, or groups of atoms that react distinctively. This substance interacts with blood, oxygen, or glucose.
help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs.
positron emission tomography (PET)
A second procedure used to assess brain functioning is called _____. It works much like PET, less expensive, less accurate.
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
_____ procedures have largely replaced PET scans in the leading brain-imaging centers because they allow researchers to see the immediate response of the brain to a brief event, such as seeing a new face.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
In an _____, electrodes are placed directly on various places on the scalp to record the different low-voltage currents.
test that detects abnormalities in your brain waves, or in the electrical activity of your brain.
electroencephalogram (EEG)
If we want to determine what is unique about an individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstances, we use what is known as an _____.
idiographic strategy
But to take advantage of the information already accumulated on a particular problem or disorder, we must be able to determine a general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs. This is known as a _____.
nomothetic strategy
The term _____ itself is broad, referring simply to any effort to construct groups or categories and to assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations—a nomothetic strategy.
classification
If the classification is in a scientific context, it is most often called _____, which is the classification of entities for scientific purposes, such as insects, rocks, or—if the subject is psychology—behaviors.
taxonomy
If you apply a taxonomic system to psychological or medical phenomena or other clinical areas, you use the word _____. All diagnostic systems used in healthcare settings, such as those for infectious diseases, are nosological systems.
nosology
The term _____ describes the names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology (for example, anxiety or mood disorders).
nomenclature
_____ first identified what we now know as the disorder of schizophrenia. His term for the disorder at the time was dementia praecox. Dementia praecox refers to deterioration of the brain that sometimes occurs with advancing age (dementia) and develops earlier than it is supposed to, or “prematurely” (praecox).
The classical (or pure) categorical approach to classification originates in the work of _____ and the biological tradition in the study of psychopathology.
_____ was one of the first psychiatrists to classify psychological disorders from a biological
point of view.
Emil Kraepelin
The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-I), published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association. Only in the late _____ did systems of nosology begin to have some real influence on mental health professionals
1960s
In _____, the American Psychiatric Association published a second edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-II)
1968
The year _____ brought a landmark in the history of nosology: the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III). Under the leadership of Robert Spitzer, DSM-III departed radically from its predecessors
1980
First, _____ attempted to take an atheoretical approach to diagnosis, relying on precise descriptions of the disorders as they presented to clinicians rather than on psychoanalytic or biological theories of etiology
DSM-III
The second major change in _____ was that the specificity and detail with which the criteria for identifying a disorder were listed made it possible to study their reliability and validity
DSM-III
Third, _____ allowed individuals with possible psychological disorders to be rated on five dimensions, or axes. This framework, called the multiaxial system
DSM-III (and DSM-III-R)
The fourth edition of the DSM (DSM-IV) was published in _____.
1994
Perhaps the most substantial change in _____ was that the distinction between organically based disorders and psychologically based disorders that was present in previous editions was eliminated.
DSM-IV
_____. Pervasive developmental disorders, learning disorders, motor skills disorders, and communication disorders, previously coded on Axis II, were now all coded on _____.
Axis I
_____. Only personality disorders and intellectual disability were now coded
Axis II
_____. Consisted of any physical disorders and conditions that might be present.
Axis III
_____. The new _____ is used for reporting psychosocial and environmental problems that might have an impact on the disorder
Axis IV
_____. _____ was essentially unchanged. It indicates the current level of adaptive functioning.
Axis V
In _____, a committee updated the text that describes the research literature accompanying the DSM-IV diagnostic category and made minor changes to some of the criteria themselves to improve consistency. This text revision (DSM-IV-TR) helped clarify many issues related to the diagnosis of psychological disorders
2000
In the almost 20 years since the publication of DSM-IV our knowledge has advanced considerably and, after over 10 years of concerted effort, DSM-5 was published in the spring of _____.
2013
The manual is divided into three main sections. The first section introduces the manual and describes how best to use it. The second section presents the disorders themselves, and section 3 includes descriptions of disorders or conditions that need further research before they can qualify as official _____.
diagnoses
