Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context

Question 1

_____, a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Answer 1

Psychological disorder

Question 2

_____ refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

Answer 2

Psychological dysfunction

Question 3

That the behavior must be associated with _____ to be classified as abnormal adds an important component and seems clear: the criterion is satisfied if the individual is extremely upset.

Answer 3

distress

Question 4

The concept of _____ is useful, although not entirely satisfactory. For example, many people consider themselves shy or lazy. This doesn’t mean that they’re abnormal. But if you are so shy that you find it impossible to date or even interact with people and you make every attempt to avoid interactions even though you would like to have friends, then your social functioning is impaired.

Answer 4

impairment

Question 5

_____ expected. At times, something is considered abnormal because it occurs infrequently; it deviates from the average. The greater the deviation, the more abnormal it is

Answer 5

Atypical or not culturally

Question 6

The most widely accepted definition used in _____ describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.

Answer 6

DSM-5

Question 7

_____ is the scientific study of psychological disorders

Answer 7

Psychopathology

Question 8

Although there is a great deal of overlap, _____ psychologists tend to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively healthy individuals, and clinical psychologists usually concentrate on more severe psychological disorders.

Answer 8

counseling

Question 9

_____ typically earn a master’s degree in social work as they develop expertise in collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological disorder. Social workers also treat disorders, often concentrating on family problems associated with them.

Answer 9

Psychiatric social workers

Question 10

_____ first earn an M.D. degree in medical school and then specialize in psychiatry during residency training that lasts 3 to 4 years. Psychiatrists also investigate the nature and causes of psychological disorders, often from a biological point of view; make diagnoses; and offer treatments.

Answer 10

Psychiatrists

Question 11

_____ have advanced degrees, such as a master’s or even a Ph.D., and specialize in the care and treatment of patients with psychological disorders, usually in hospitals as part of a treatment team

Answer 11

Psychiatric nurses

Question 12

Finally, _____ and mental health counselors typically spend 1–2 years earning a master’s degree and are employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics, usually under the supervision of a doctoral-level clinician.

Answer 12

marriage and family therapists

Question 13

Many mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work and therefore are
called _____.

Answer 13

scientist-practitioners

Question 14

Many mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work and therefore are called _____.

Answer 14

scientist-practitioners

Question 15

Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year, represent the _____of the disorder.

Answer 15

incidence

Question 16

Most disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern, or _____. For example, some disorders, such as schizophrenia, follow a chronic course, meaning that they tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime. Other disorders, like mood disorders, follow an episodic course, in that the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. This pattern may repeat throughout a person’s life. Still other disorders may have a time-limited course, meaning the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period.

Answer 16

course

Question 17

The anticipated course of a disorder is called the _____. So we might say, “the _____ is good”, meaning the individual will probably recover, or “the _____ is guarded”, meaning the probable outcome doesn’t look good.

Answer 17

prognosis

Question 18

_____, or the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions

Answer 18

Etiology

Question 19

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)

Answer 19

1) The Supernatural Tradition
2) The Biological Tradition
3) The Psychological Tradition

Question 20

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)

Humans have always supposed that agents outside our bodies and environment influence our behavior, thinking, and emotions. These agents—which might be divinities, demons, spirits, or other phenomena such as magnetic fields or the moon or the stars—are the driving forces behind the supernatural model.

Answer 20

The Supernatural Tradition

Question 21

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Supernatural Tradition

_____ were recognized as illnesses, although symptoms such as despair and lethargy were often identified by the church with the sin of acedia, or sloth

Answer 21

Mental depression and anxiety

Question 22

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Supernatural Tradition

_____ were rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment. Other treatments included baths, ointments, and various potions.

Answer 22

Common treatments

Question 23

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Supernatural Tradition

In the 14th century, one of the chief advisers to the king of France, a bishop and philosopher named _____, also suggested that the disease of melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons

Answer 23

Nicholas Oresme

Question 24

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Supernatural Tradition

As we see in the handling of the severe psychological disorder experienced by late-14th-century _____ of France.

_____ of France was under a great deal of stress, partly because of the division of the Catholic Church. A variety of remedies and rituals of all kinds were tried, but none worked.

Answer 24

King Charles VI

Question 25

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Supernatural Tradition

In the _____, if exorcism failed, some authorities thought that steps were necessary to make the body uninhabitable by evil spirits, and many people were subjected to confinement, beatings, and other forms of torture.

Answer 25

Middle Ages

Question 26

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Supernatural Tradition

_____ may simply demonstrate the phenomenon of emotion contagion, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us.

Answer 26

Mass hysteria

Question 27

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Supernatural Tradition

_____, a Swiss physician who lived from 1493 to 1541, rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning.

Answer 27

Paracelsus

Question 28

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

The Greek physician _____ considered to be the father of modern Western medicine.

He and his associates left a body of work called the _____ Corpus, written between 450 and 350 b.c., in which they suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease

Answer 28

Hippocrates/Hippocratic

Question 29

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

_____ considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. Therefore, disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain.

negative effects of family stress; on some occasions, he
removed patients from their families

Answer 29

Hippocrates

Question 30

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

The Roman physician _____, later adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them further, creating a powerful and influential school of thought within the biological tradition that extended well into the 19th century

Answer 30

Galen

Question 31

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

One of the more interesting and influential legacies of the Hippocratic-Galenic approach is the _____ theory of disorders.

Answer 31

humoral

Question 32

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors:

Answer 32

Blood came from the heart, black bile from the spleen, phlegm from the brain, and choler or yellow bile from the liver.

Question 33

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

Physicians believed that disease resulted from too much or too little of one of the humors; for example, too much black bile was thought to cause _____ (depression).

Answer 33

melancholia

Question 34

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

The humoral theory was, perhaps, the first example of associating psychological disorders with a _____, an approach that is widespread today.

Answer 34

“chemical imbalance”

Question 35

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

In addition to rest, good nutrition, and exercise, two treatments were developed. In one, _____, a carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body, often with leeches

Answer 35

bleeding or bloodletting

Question 36

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

The other was to induce _____; indeed, in a well-known treatise on depression published in 1621, Anatomy of Melancholy, Robert Burton recommended eating tobacco and a half-boiled cabbage to induce _____.

Answer 36

vomiting

Question 37

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

In ancient China and throughout Asia, a similar idea existed. But rather than “humors,” the Chinese focused on the movement of air or “wind” throughout the body. Unexplained mental disorders were caused by blockages of wind or the presence of cold, dark wind (yin) as opposed to warm, life-sustaining wind (yang). Treatment involved restoring proper flow of wind through various methods, including _____

Answer 37

acupuncture

Question 38

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

Hippocrates also coined the word _____ to describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians, who had identified what we now call the somatic symptom disorders. In these disorders, the physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found, such as paralysis and some kinds of blindness.

Answer 38

hysteria

Question 39

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

Behavioral and cognitive symptoms of what we now know as advanced _____, a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur), as well as other bizarre behaviors.

Answer 39

syphilis

Question 40

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

_____ theory of disease, developed in about 1870, facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis

Answer 40

Louis Pasteur’s germ

Question 41

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

_____ position was that the causes of insanity were always physical. Therefore, the mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill. The emphasis was again on rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation, approaches used for centuries by previous therapists in the biological tradition.

Answer 41

John P. Grey’s

Question 42

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

In the 1930s, the physical interventions of electric shock and brain surgery were often used. _____ made numerous discoveries during his life with which we are familiar, but most people don’t know that he discovered accidentally, and then confirmed experimentally in the 1750s, that a mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm.

Answer 42

Benjamin Franklin

Question 43

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Biological Tradition

_____ was the dominant figure during this period and one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry. He was extremely influential in advocating the major ideas of the biological tradition, but he was little involved in treatment. His lasting contribution was in the area of diagnosis and classification.

Answer 43

Emil Kraepelin

Question 44

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

During the first half of the 19th century, a strong psychosocial approach to mental disorders called _____ therapy became influential. The term moral actually referred more to emotional or psychological factors rather than to a code of conduct.

Answer 44

moral

Question 45

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

Moral therapy as a system originated with the well-known French psychiatrist _____ and his close associate _____.

Answer 45

Philippe Pinel, Jean-Baptiste Pussin

Question 46

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

After William Tuke followed Pinel’s lead in England, _____, often considered the founder of U.S. psychiatry, introduced moral therapy in his early work at Pennsylvania Hospital.

Answer 46

Benjamin Rush

Question 47

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

_____ had appeared in the 16th century, but they were more like prisons than hospitals

Answer 47

Asylums

Question 48

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

Unfortunately, after the mid-19th century, _____ treatment declined because of a convergence of factors. First, it was widely recognized that moral therapy worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer, allowing for a great deal of individual attention.

Answer 48

humane

Question 49

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

A second reason for the decline of moral therapy has an unlikely source. The great crusader _____ campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity.

Answer 49

Dorothea Dix

Question 50

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

Dorothea Dix made it her life’s work to inform the American public and their leaders of these abuses. Her work became known as the _____ movement.

Answer 50

mental hygiene

Question 51

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

_____ suggested to his patients that their problem was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms called “animal magnetism”, which could become blocked.

_____ is widely regarded as the father of hypnosis, a state in which extremely suggestible subjects sometimes appear to be in a trance.

Answer 51

Franz Mesmer

Question 52

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

Many distinguished scientists and physicians were interested in Mesmer’s powerful methods of suggestion. One of the best known, _____. A distinguished neurologist, _____ demonstrated that some techniques of mesmerism were effective with a number of psychological disorders, and he did much to legitimize the fledgling practice of hypnosis

Answer 52

Jean-Martin Charcot

Question 53

Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior (3)
The Psychological Tradition

A close second was their discovery that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension. This release of emotional material became known as _____.

Answer 53

catharsis