6 Personality Disorders Flashcards
A _____ disorder is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others and may cause difficulties with work and relationships.
Someone other than the person with the personality disorder must decide whether the disorder is causing significant functional impairment, because the affected person often cannot make such a judgment.
personality
The personality disorders were included in a separate axis, Axis _____, because as a group they were seen as distinct.
II
Cluster A is called the _____ cluster; it includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
odd or eccentric
Cluster B is the _____ cluster; it consists of antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Cluster C is the _____ cluster; it includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
anxious or fearful
A. A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
- Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her.
- Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
- Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her.
- Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
- Persistently bears grudges (i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights)
- Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
- Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.
B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, or another psychotic disorder and is not attributable to the physiological effects of another medical condition.
Note: If criteria are met prior to the onset of schizophrenia, add “premorbid,” i.e., “_____ personality disorder (premorbid).”
Paranoid Personality Disorder
People with _____ personality disorder may be argumentative, may complain, or may be quiet. This style of interaction is communicated, sometimes nonverbally, to others, often resulting in discomfort among those who come in contact with them because of this volatility.
These individuals are sensitive to criticism and have an excessive need for autonomy. Having this disorder increases the risk of suicide attempts and violent behavior, and these people tend to have a poor overall quality of life.
paranoid
Relatives of individuals with _____ may be more likely to have paranoid, and schizotypal personality disorder than people who do not have a relative with schizophrenia.
schizophrenia
Retrospective research—asking people with this disorder to recall events from their childhood—suggests that early mistreatment or traumatic childhood experiences may play a role in the development of _____ personality disorder.
paranoid
A. A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
- Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family.
- Almost always chooses solitary activities.
- Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person.
- Tal
Schizoid Personality Disorder
For them, social isolation may be extremely painful
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Abuse and neglect in childhood, childhood shyness, parents of children
with autism, is reported as a precursor to later adult _____ personality disorder.
schizoid
A. A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
- Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference).
- Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or “sixth sense”: in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations).
- Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions.
- Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped).
- Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.
- Inappropriate or constricted affect.
- Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar.
- Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
- Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self.
B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.
Note: If criteria are met prior to the onset of schizophrenia, add “premorbid,” e.g., “_____ personality disorder (premorbid).”
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
People with _____ personality disorder are typically socially isolated, like those with schizoid personality disorder. In addition, they also behave in ways that would seem unusual to many of us, and they tend to be suspicious and to have odd beliefs.
schizotypal
Schizotypal personality disorder is considered by some to be on a continuum (that is, on the same spectrum) with schizophrenia, but without some of the more debilitating symptoms, such as _____.
hallucinations and delusions
Suspicious and have paranoid thoughts, express little emotion, and may dress or behave in unusual ways (for example, wear many layers of clothing in the summertime or mumble to themselves)
Schizotypal Personality
Some estimate that between 30% and 50% of the people with schizotypal personality disorder who request clinical help also meet the criteria for _____ disorder.
major depressive