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gross 1 palmer > clinical aspects lower leg > Flashcards

clinical aspects lower leg Flashcards

1
Q

compartment syndromes result from increased pressure within a myofascial compartment resulting in

A

ischemia and pain

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2
Q

acute compartment syndrome occurs due to?

A

trauma (fractures, crush injuries, severe burns)

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3
Q

chronic compartment syndrome is also referred to as? and what is usually the cause

A

external compartment syndrome from exercise related soreness- runners or walkers

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4
Q

what areas of the leg are most commonly affected by chronic compartment syndrome?

A

anterior and deep posterior

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5
Q

how is compartment syndrome usually diagnosed?

A

measuring the compartmental pressure before and during exercise
resting pressure more than 12 mm/hg
one minute exercise pressure more than 20 mm/hg

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6
Q

pain along the medial aspect of the tibia, usually involving the tibialis anterior muscle is called?

A

shin splints or medial tibial stress syndrome

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7
Q

ski boot syndrome is a term used to describe?

A

compression neuropathy of the deep fibular nerve as it leaves the anterior compartment- tight fitting ski boots or shoes

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8
Q

what are the clinical features associated with compression of the deep fibular nerve?

A

motor- loss of dorsiflexion of foot and extension of toes, diminished inversion
sensory- loss of sensation to skin in webspace between digits 1-2

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9
Q

what condition is due to microscopic tears in the collagen fibers of the tendons just prox to attachment of calcaneus?

A

achilles tendonitis

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10
Q

what is the most common cause and symptoms of achilles tendonitis?

A

repetitive activities- baseball, tennis, runners and dancers; pain is most common symptom while running or walking

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11
Q

what decreases the symptoms of achilles tendonitis?

A

heel lifts and stretching

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12
Q

what is the usual cause of a rupture of the tendon calcaneus?

A

poorly conditioned people with history of tendonitis- forceful plantar flexion

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13
Q

symptoms of a ruptured tendon calcaneus?

A

hear an audible snap and feel intense pain, have a palpable gap with greater dorsiflexion and less plantar flexion

surgery only required in extremely active individuals

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14
Q

calcaneal tendon reflex tests for segmental innervation of?

A

S1 and S2

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15
Q

what is a condition with narrowing or occlusion of the posterior tibial artery and its branches resulting in painful leg cramps and a diminished posterior tibial artery pulse?

A

peripheral arterial disease

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16
Q

what is the most frequently injured major joint?

A

ankle- sprains most common

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17
Q

which ligaments in a sprained ankle are most commonly damaged?

A

lateral ligaments because they aren’t as strong as deltoid,

anterior talofibular most vulnerable and calcaneofibular

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18
Q

why does a sprained ankle usually occur?

A

inversion type injury or avulsion fracture of the lat malleolus of fibula

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19
Q

what is another name for a sprain at the inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

high ankle sprain

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20
Q

what is different about a high ankle sprain vs a classic ankle sprain?

A

usually more significant and severe and require longer rehabilitation time

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21
Q

which fracture occurs when a foot is forcibly everted (externally rotated)?

A

Pott’s fracture

22
Q

Pott’s fracture can result in what other issues? (3)

A

1 tearing of deltoid ligament
2 fracture of shaft of fibula
3 fracture of lat malleolus

23
Q

a potts fracture has how many degrees of damage?

A

1st-3rd degrees

24
Q

what is the cause of plantar fascitis?

A

aponeurosis becomes stretched and tiny tears develop which become inflamed and painful

25
Q

when is plantar fascitis most commonly seen and what are the symptoms?

A

runners or high impact sports with overuse or bad footwear; pain is more severe after sitting or first thing in the morn (first step pain)

26
Q

if a bone spur develops on the medial aspect of the calcaneus from plantar fascitis individuals will notice

A

pain on that aspect of the foot when walking (due to bursae becoming inflamed)

27
Q

what is a condition where the tibial nerve and or the medial plantar nerve are compressed as they pass deep to flexor retinaculum?

A

Jogger’s foot or tarsal tunnel syndrome

28
Q

what are symptoms of joggers foot/ tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • burning, sharp pain behind medial malleolus and may radiate to plantar surface of foot
  • intermittent symptoms, may become constant overtime
  • parasthesia and numbness may occur
29
Q

what are the causes of tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

trauma
hypertrophy of deep posterior leg muscles
“flat feet”

30
Q

plantar nerve reflex tests?

A

L4, L5, S1 and S2 and results in flexion of digits

31
Q

if the response of the plantar nerve reflex is abnormal, digits 2-5 will abduct and digit 1 will extend, this is called?

A

positive babinski response

32
Q

babinski response is normal in infants until?

A

4 months after birth

33
Q

what is a condition in which plantar nerves are compressed between the heads of the metatarsals and the transverse metatarsal ligaments?

A

morton’s neuroma- intermetatarsal neuroma or interdigital

34
Q

mortons neuroma usually affects what and is caused by what?

A

affects the nerves in the spaces between 3-4 digits and caused by a benign tumor on the nerve

35
Q

what are the symptoms of mortons neuroma?

A

dull cramping or burning sensation which becomes more pronounced and sharp; common in runners, dancers and tight shoes

36
Q

what is a foot deformity characterized by lateral deviation of MP joint of digit 1?

A

hallux valgus

37
Q

what is the cause of hallux valgus?

A

pressure of footwear or arthritis, can be congenital and more common in females and increased age

38
Q

when a sesamoid bone is displaced by deviation and ends up in the space between the heads of the 1st and 2nd metatarsals it causes the joint to lock and is called?

A

hallux rigidis

39
Q

if the first digit overlaps the second digit inferiorly it can cause the development of ____ on the 2nd digit where it rubs against shoe

A

corns

40
Q

when bursae of hallux becomes tender and inflamed its called a?

A

bunion

41
Q

what is a common deformity of digit 2-3 which can be congenital; the affected digits are hyperextended at the MP and DIP joints and flexed at PIP joints

A

hammer toe

42
Q

what is a condition with a hyperextension injury at the MP joint of digit 1 and is due to damage of the plantar capsular ligament?

A

turf toe

43
Q

a structural deformity of the talus bone usually from birth and cause shortening and contracture of muscles and ligaments

A

club foot (talipes equinovarus)

44
Q

club foot is more common in?

A

males than females and is genetic

45
Q

what is the term used for a normal foot with normal arches?

A

pes rectus

46
Q

what is the term used to describe a foot with inadequacy in medial longitudinal arch and arches become depressed and collapsed?

A

pes planus

47
Q

what is the term for an arch lacking in weight bearing but appears normal when not weight bearing?

A

flexible flat foot-usually due to loose or degenerative ligaments, common in childhood, usually resolves with age

48
Q

what is the term for an arch that lack even when not weight bearing?

A

rigid flat foot- usually due to bone deformities, can be congenital or acquired

49
Q

what describes a secondary consequence of damage to a ligament or atrophy of a muscle and changes arch?

A

acquired flat foot, fallen arch

50
Q

when the medial longitudinal arch is unduly high?

A

pes cavus or clawfoot- muscle imbalance (polio)

gross 1 palmer (7 decks)

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