bones of the leg and foot Flashcards
what does the tibia articulate with?
condyles of the femur and head of the fibula proximally and the talus and distal end of fibula distally
how many ossification centers for the tibia? what are they?
one primary- shaft
3 secondary- proximal end, distal end and tibial tuberosity
what ages for each ossification center of tibia?
shaft- begins 7th-8th week of development
proximal end- just before birth
distal end- ages 1-2
tibial tuberosity- around puberty
when do the proximal and distal ends of the tibia fuse?
distal- 14.5 female 16.5 male
proximal- 15 F and 17.5 M
what condition forms from the disruption of the epiphyseal plate of the tibial tuberosity that occurs around puberty in active adolescents?
osgood-schlatters disease- apophyseal injury or traction apophysitis
what are apophyses?
secondary ossification center that develops with growth
osgood schlatters disease is bilateral in?
half of those affected
how many ossification centers for the fibula and what are they?
one primary- shaft
2 secondary- distal and proximal ends of the bone
age of ossification at each location of fibula?
shaft- 8th week of development
distal end- 1st year of life
proximal end- 3rd and 4th year
when do the proximal and distal ends of fibula fuse?
proximal- 14.5 female 16.5 male
distal- 15.5 F 17 M
which bones are sources for bone grafting?
tibia and fibula
what is another name for a compound fracture of the tibia?
bumper fracture
the tibia has a poor blood supply making fractures heal?
much slower, can take several months
most common area of fracture of the tibia?
medial aspect of the shaft
where are the most common areas of fracture of the fibula?
proximal to lateral malleolus or distal to head of bone
fractures to the areas below the head of the fibula damage what and lead to what?
damage to the common fibular nerve and lead to atrophy and paralysis of anterior and lateral leg musculature
the calcaneal tuberosity is a large prominence and allows insertion for what?
tendon calcaneus
the fibular trochlear of the calcaneus is found on the lateral side of the bone and does what?
separates the tendons of the fibularis longus and brevis from each other
what is a prominent ledge of the medial aspect of the calcaneus that has articular facets?
sustenaculum tali
what is a deep groove which separates the articular facets of the calcaneus?
calcaneal sulcus
the talus is the only bone that articulate with the tibia and fibula and forms what?
the ankle joint
the talus articulates with the calcaneus inferiorly to form what?
subtalar joint
during ossification of the talus, sometimes a secondary ossification center may develop for the lateral tubercle of the bone. what is this called?
os trigonum
when os trigonum occurs, what happens to the lateral tubercle?
it will not fuse with the bone when ossification is completed
what does the navicular bone articulate with?
anteriorly with 3 cuneiform bones and laterally with the cuboid
what does the cuboid articulate with?
posteriorly with the calcaneus, anteriorly with 5th metatarsal and medially with cuneiform and navicular
what are the 3 small wedge shaped bones of the foot?
cuneiforms
what are the names of the 3 cuneiforms?
1st/medial- largest, 2nd/intermediate-smallest, and 3rd/lateral
ossification of the tarsal bones begins happening before birth and each bone has a single ossification center except which one?
the calcaneus which has a secondary center for the tuberosity
what are the ages of ossification of the tarsal bones
calcaneus- 6th fetal month (2nd 8-10yr) talus- 7th fetal month cuboid- birth 1st cuneiform- 1st year 2nd cuneiform- 3rd year 3rd cuneiform and navicular- 4th year
where do fractures of the talus normally occur?
through the neck during severe dorsal flexion at the ankle- some fractures lead to avascular necrosis of the head as well
describe a fracture of the calcaneus
typically from a hard fall on tuberosity, can be comminuted and may disrupt the subtalar joint
where are stress fractures most common?
shaft of tibia, 2-4 metatarsals, navicular bone
what are the 2 types of stress fractures?
1 normal bone, overloaded from overuse
2 abnormal bone from osteoporosis, drugs or metabolic disorder
what is the name of the deep and superficial fascia of the leg?
crural fascia
in the region of the ankle joint, the crural fascia thickens to form what?
a series of retinacula to keep tendons in place
what are the 3 retinaculum of the foot?
1 superior and inferior extensor
2 fibular
3 flexor
the large opening of the interosseus membrane in the upper portion allows for what?
the anterior tibial artery to enter the anterior compartment of the leg
what are the 2 functions of the interosseus membrane?
1 serves as an attachment for muscles
2 stabilize tibia and fibula
what are the 3 arches of the foot?
medial longitudinal
lateral longitudinal
transverse
