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Psychology > Clinical - anorexia > Flashcards

Clinical - anorexia Flashcards

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1
Q

What does anorexia nervosa mean?

A

severe loss of weight because of emotional reasons

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2
Q

What are the 7 symptoms of anorexia?

A
  • distorted body image
  • refusing to eat
  • excessive exercise
  • restriction of calorie intake
  • preoccupation with body size
  • fear of gaining weight
  • not knowing their weight is dangerous
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3
Q

What is the DSM4 criteria to be diagnosed with anorexia?(4 points)

A
  • refusal to maintain body weight at or above a normal weight for your age and height (being below 85%)
  • intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight
  • distorted body image or denial that they have a problem
  • amenorrhoea - the absence of at least 3 consecutive periods
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4
Q

what 2 things has changed between the DSM4 and DSM5 criteria of anorexia

A
  • amenorrhoea has been removed

- its now been separated from binge eating

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5
Q

what is pica?

A
  • eating non food substances e.g sand, wood and clay
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6
Q

what is atypical anorexia?

A

when you don’t have all the symptoms e.g you don’t have a pathological fear of losing weight but express a preference of being thin

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7
Q

what age group are most at risk of anorecia?

A

adolescents

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8
Q

what percentage of cases are females?

A

90-95%

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9
Q

What are 4 famous cases of anorexia?

A
  • Girl from the carpenters
  • Lilly Allen
  • Kate Beckinsale
  • Lady Gaga had it from the age of 15
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10
Q

what 2 explanations am I using?

A

social and psychodynamic

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11
Q

there are 2 parts to the social explanation of anorexia. What are they?

A

socio cultural approach and the feminist approach

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12
Q

what is the socio cultural approach?

A
  • anorexia is caused by western societies belief of beauty
  • the media states you have to be size 0 to have the ‘ideal body shape
  • all images in the media are skiny
  • people get ‘fat shamed’ if they put on a pound
  • nobody tells you its fine to be fat
  • tv presenters are thin so from a young age children are told to be thin
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13
Q

Evaluation of the socio cultural approach

A

+ anorexia is more common in the west
+Crisp (1976) found there ar emore eating disorders where an emphasis is placed on thinness e.g models and dancers. As there is an emphasis on thinness in the west t explains more cases of anorexia.
+ arab and Asian women are more likely to develop anorexia if thy move to the west
+Owen and Lauren-Jeller (2000) examined the playboy centrefolds and found over 50% of them were underweight and 50% could be classified as anorexic
x only a fraction of people to these images get an eating disorder
x the average dress size in the west has increased over the last 60 years

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14
Q

what is the feminist approach?

A
  • anorexia is the result of a patriarchal society telling women what they should look like
  • 90-95% of those with eating disorders are female
  • Obach says femininity involves self denial. Western culture promotes a chocolate bar and then a thin weight watchers advert. This is ‘naughty but nice’ if you choose the chocolate which is self denial.
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15
Q

evaluation of the feminist approach

A

+ looks at how eating disorders are bound up with the way femininity is constructed in society
+ helps understand women with eating disorders- they’re not abnormal, instead look at the contradictions in society
x doesn’t explain why males get ti
xdoesn’t explain why some get anorexia and some get binge eating
x lacks scientific support unlike biological

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16
Q

there are 2 parts to the psychodynamic approach, what are they?

A

the effective/ineffective parent and trauma in the oral stage

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17
Q

what is the effective/ineffective parent explanation?

A
  • effective parents feed their chid when its hungry and comfort them when they are anxious
  • ineffective parents don’t correctly interpret their childs needs therefore feed them when they are anxious. When they are hungry they might comfort them instead.
  • this confuses the child about their own needs so depends on somebody else to tell them when they are hungry
  • when they become a teenager they are scared of being independent and making the decisions but one thing they can control is when they eat
18
Q

evaluation of the effective/ineffective parent explanation?(6 points)

A

+Dare and Fisher (1997) found patients described their parents as overbearing and dominant
+Manke (1994) found patients felt they had little control over their lives because of their parents
+steiner (1991) found parents of anorexic people try to define their children’s needs themselves
x lacks scientific evidence so is subjective
x research done by case studies which are subjective
x doesn’t explain anorexia in males, adults or why it’s more common in the west

19
Q

What is trauma in the oral stage explanation?

A
  • Freud believed that trauma in the oral stage such as prolonged separation could cause feeding problems
  • people develop anorexia to revert back to childish behaviour e.g refusal to eat
  • this could be an unconscious effort to remain pre pubescent and fear of becoming sexually mature
  • anorexia can stop periods which prevents an aspect fo female development
  • they may wish to maintain a boy like appearance
20
Q

Evaluation of the oral stage explanantion (4 points)

A

+ eating disorders usually develop around adolescence when the genital stage is in motion and past issues are being revisited. This gives it high face validity
x doesn’t explain people who develop anorexia but don’t experience trauma in the oral stage
x based on an unconscious process which you can’t test
x very subjective

21
Q

what are the 2 treatments for anorexia?

A

Family therapy and free association

22
Q

What is family therapy?

A
  • A therapist shows family members how to deal with the disruptions caused by eating disorders and teach them about it so they can understand it more
  • parents take charge of refeeding the patient and siblings are there for support
  • no blame is put on the patient
  • the disorder and patient are separated
    there are 3 phases to the treatment:
    1) weight restoration
    2) return to independent eating
    3) healthy adolescent development
23
Q

what are the 3 stages of family therapy?

A

1) weight restoration
2) patient returns to independent eating
3) healthy adolescent development

24
Q

evaluation of family therapy (6 points)

A

+ prevents long term hospitalisation and doesn’t affect the patients social life
+ doesn’t blame the patient
x only seems to work for those who have had the illness for 3 years
x family and patient have to play an active role - not good if busy with work etc
x doesn’t work if the patient doesn’t think they have anything wrong with them or if they have a lack of motivation to get better
x unethical to force somebody to have therapy if they don’t see anything wrong with them

25
Q

What is free association?

A
  • the aim is to enable anorexics to cope better with internal conflicts that are causing disturbances
  • by uncovering the unconscious conflicts the patient can work through them
  • the patient talks freely in the hope they will uncover something
  • The therapist then analyses what they say and what it could mean is happening in their unconscious mind
26
Q

Evaluation of free association (6 points)

A

+in depth and includes accounts from childhood onwards
+ allows access to the unconscious mind which can uncover supressed feelings
x very bias and subjective as it’s one persons analysis
x you can’t test the unconscious mind
x case studies don’t provide enough supporting evidence
x may be distressing getting the patient to revisit early trauma

27
Q

what is the learning approach treatment for anorexia?

A

token economy

28
Q

describe token economy as a treatment for anorexia?

A
  • When in hospital or clinics it can be used
  • patients are rewarded for eating regular meals and not throwing up afterwards
  • as the patient gains weight additional hospital privileges may be gained
  • punishment will also be used to extinguish unwanted behaviours
  • primary reinforcers include: trips out, cigarettes, more time with family, access to television
  • secondary reinforcers are the token themselves which are traded in for primary reinforcers
29
Q

evaluation of token economy as a treatment for anorexia? (

A

+based on operant conditioning which skinner proved works
x doesn’t last when out of the institute
x doesn’t reach the cause of the problem
x staff can use it to make their lives easier
x rewards have to be consistent and clear
x unethical if basic needs are used as rewards
+ Okamoto et al (2002) found the majority of participants increased their weight when taking their medication meant they got a token
HOWEVER x this shows it doesn’t work alone and drugs are needed too

30
Q

What Is the key issue?

A

Is anorexia a western society disorder

31
Q

what evidence is there that it is a western society disorder?

A
  • Arab and Asian women are more likely to get an eating disorder if they move to the west
  • there are more cases in the west
  • In Nigeria they don’t have eating disorders
  • the western media is all about being thin
  • when western tv was introduced to Fiji eating disorders went up (bradshaw 2002)
32
Q

what 2 studies do i need to know?

A

Kortegaard et al (2001) and Fichter and Pirke (1986)

33
Q

what was the aim of Kortegaard (2001)

A

To see if anorexia has a genetic component by looking at the cooccurrance rate in MZ and DZ twins

34
Q

what was Kortegaard (2001) method

A

He sent a questionnaire to 30,000 danish twins asking have they ever had anorexia, have they ever been described as anorexic and have they ever expirienced bullimia

35
Q

what was the conclusion of Kortegaard (2001)

A

mz twins have a higher chance of of developing anorexia suggesting theres a genetic component

36
Q

what was the evaluation of Kortegaard (2001) (4 points)

A

+large sample so generalisable
x subjective as respondents answer about themselves
x doesnt show cause and effect
x the concordance rate isnt high enough to suggest it is genetic factors alone

37
Q

look up Fichter and Pirke (1986) study

A

fewwffef

38
Q

what ethcial considerations were there with the leaflet

A
  • no distressing images
  • no putting the blame on the patient
  • no distressing content
  • no forcing them to ear
  • no mention of death
39
Q

why did i chose the target audiance i chose for the leaflet

A

becuase teenage girls are the most common people to get it

40
Q

what are the 5 advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data

A 
\+ quicker as research already exists
\+ cheaper
x wont be specific to what yuo want
x dont know the sample or hwo it was collected
x you dont know how relaible it is

Psychology (12 decks)

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