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Y2 CNS > Clinical anatomy of the eye > Flashcards

Clinical anatomy of the eye Flashcards

1
Q

How is the visual field and eye location different in predator and prey species?

A

Eyes are more towards the front in predators - binocular overlap
Prey species have a larger field of view but they don’t have binocular overlap

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2
Q

Which bones make up the orbit?

A

Frontal, lacrimal, palatine, zygomatic and sphenoid

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3
Q

Which species have an incomplete bony orbit?

Why is this?

A

Dog and cat

Needed for the mandible to be able to open up widely

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4
Q

What completes the orbit in dog and cats?

A

Lacrimal orbital ligament

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5
Q

What completes the bony orbit in an ox?

A

The zygomatic process of the frontal bone and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone meeting

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6
Q

Which 3 components make up the orbital fascia?

A

Periorbita
Fascia bulbi
Orbital muscles

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7
Q

Which 3 nerves innervate the extraoccular muscles?

A

Trochlear
Occulomotor
Abducens

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8
Q

Which ocular muscles are innervated by the trochlear nerve?

A

Only the dorsal oblique

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9
Q

Which ocular muscles are innervated by the abducens nerve?

A

Lateral rectus

Retractor bulbi

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10
Q

Birds and snakes do not possess which extraocular muscle?

A

Retractor bulbi

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11
Q

What are the functions of the eyelids?

A
  • Spreads the tear film across the eye, towards the drainage system
  • Protection of the eye
  • Allows removal of foreign material
  • Controls light into the eye
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12
Q

What is the palpebral fissure?

A

Eyelid opening

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13
Q

Which muscles closes the eye?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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14
Q

Which glands produce the lipid component of the tear film?

A

Tarsal/Meibomian glands

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15
Q

Which nerves supply motor supply to the eyelids?

A

Facial and occulomotor

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16
Q

Sensory supply to the eyelid is by which nerve?

A

Trigeminal

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17
Q

Which muscle is the main elevator of the upper eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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18
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A thin, highly vascularised, translucent mucus membrane which lines the inside of the lids - it has goblet cells which produce the mucus part of the tear film

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19
Q

What is the fornix?

A

Where the conjunctiva folds back on itself

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20
Q

What is the nictitating membrane?

A

A reflection of conjunctiva containing a T-shaped cartilage support, it sits ventromedially in the conjunctival sac

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21
Q

Where is the aqueous part of the tear film produced?

A

The gland of the 3rd eyelid

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22
Q

What is the function of each part of the tear film?

A

Lipid - reduces evaporation and creates a barrier at the lid margin
Mucin - mixed with and stabilised aqueous layer
Aqueous - lubrication, protection

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23
Q

Where is the mucin layer of the tear film produced?

A

Conjunctival goblet cells

24
Q

How is the lacrimal drainage system in the rabbit vulnerable?

A
  • only one lacrimal puncta compared to the usual 2
  • nasolacrimal duct runs over the cheek teeth so problems with these affects the duct
  • It has 2 sharp bends which can cause blockage
25
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up the globe, what is the name of each ?

A
  • outer fibrous layer: sclera and cornea
  • middle vascular layer: uvea
  • inner neural layer: retina
26
Q

Which layer of the globe is present at the front of the eye, what is the function of this layer?

A

Sclera and cornea = fibrous layer

Allows light into the eye

27
Q

How is the eye divided?

A 
Posteriorly = everything behind the lens
Anteriorly = Between the iris and cornea - in front of the lens
28
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The front, fibrous layer of the eye - rostral surface

29
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

To transmit and refract light

30
Q

What is the limbus?

A

The junction between the cornea and the sclera

31
Q

What is the scelera?

A

The white of the eye

32
Q

Which 5 layers make up the cornea, from outer to inner

A
  • Anterior Epithelium
  • Bowman’s layer
  • Stroma
  • Descemet’s membrane
  • Endothelium
33
Q

What makes up the stroma of the cornea?

A

Lamellae of collagen fibrils
Keratocytes
Proteoglycans

34
Q

Which layer of the cornea gets thicker with age?

A

Descemet’s membrane

35
Q

What is the function of the endothelium layer?

A

Produce the Descemet’s membrane

36
Q

What is the only species able to regenerate their corneal endothelium layer?

A

Rabbits

37
Q

Where are most pain fibres of the cornea found?

A

Anterior epithelium

38
Q

What is the lamina cribrosa?

A

Perforated zone of the sclera where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye

39
Q

What makes up the uvea?

A

Anterior uvea = iris and ciliary body

Posterior uvea = choroid

40
Q

Name the parts of the eye that is pigmented and highly vascularised

A

Uvea

Choroid

41
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

It is a sphincter that varies the amount of light entering the posterior segment of the eye
It also alters depth of focus

42
Q

What is produced by the ciliary body?

A

Aqueous humour

43
Q

Which part of the eye is suspended by the ciliary body?

A

The lens

44
Q

Where is the choroid found in the eye?

A

The uveal layer between the sclera and retina

45
Q

Which layers form the choroid?

A
  • Suprachoroidea: heavily pigmented and elastic
  • Large vessel layer
  • Medium vessel layer
  • Choriocapillaris: fenestrated capillaries
46
Q

Which part of the eye maintains intraocular pressure?

A

Aqueous humour

47
Q

Which processes produce the aqueous humour?

A
  • Diffusion of solutes
  • Ultrafiltration
  • Active secretion
48
Q

Where does the aqueous humour drain?

A

At the iridocorneal angle to the sclera venous plexus

49
Q

How does the production of the aqueous humour lead to glaucoma?

A

If production is more than drainage

50
Q

What fills the posterior segment of the globe?

A

Vitreous humour

51
Q

What is the vitreous humour made up of?

A

It is a hydrogel - 99% water and hyaluronic acid

52
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Focuses light onto the retina

53
Q

What is the function of the lens reliant on?

A
  • Transparency
  • Stable position
  • Ability to change shape
54
Q

Which structures are visible in the fundus?

A
  • optic disc
  • retina
  • retinal pigment epithelium
  • choroid
55
Q

How does the appearance of the optic disc differ in cats and dogs?

A

Cat - round and dark

Dog - light and triangular

Y2 CNS (12 decks)

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