ClinChem Flashcards
Conversion of glucose to pyruvic or lactic acid
Glycolysis
Production of glycogen from glucose
Glycogenesis
Production of glucose from glycogen
Glycogenolysis
Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactic Acid
Which sugars accounts for nearly all blood sugar and is the body’s major source of cellular energy?
Glucose
What is the reference range for a glucose in an adult?
70-110 mg/dl
Presence of sugar in the urine
Glucosuria
High blood sugar. It is most often due to diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia
A glycated protein that can be used to determine glycemic control over the past 2-3 weeks?
Fructosamine
What is the main form of lipid storage in the body
Triglycerides
Name two substances that play a role in the digestion of lipids
Lipase
Bile Salts
What is the major site of cholesterol synthesis?
Liver
Which lipoprotein transports most cholesterol?
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
What is the desirable level for HDL cholesterol
> 40 mg/dl
Which lipid is the major component plaques in arteries?
LDL
Made of one molecule of glycerol an d three molecules of fatty acid
Triglycerides
Largest lipoproteins that transport exogenous triglycerides and account for the turbidity of serum following a meal
Chylomicrons
What specimen is required for a lipid profile?
Serum collected after a 10-12 hour fast
What causes a cream layer on top of plasma after overnight refrigeration
High levels of triglycerides or chylomicrons
What might lead you to suspect that a specimen was non-fasting?
Lipemia
Which element is found in protein but
not in carbohydrates or lipids?
Nitrogen (16%)
What is the waste product of protein catabolism?
Urea
What is the most common method for measuring serum total protein?
Biuret Method
What does low total protein cause in the patient?
Edema
What are the most common dyes used for direct analysis of a albumin?
Bromcresol Green
Bromcresol Blue
How is the concentration of globulins determines in a chemistry profile?
By subtracting albumin from total protein
The property of proteins to assume a positive, negative or neutral charge depending on the pH of the medium
Amphoterism
What is the name of the instrument used to quantitate protein fractions following serum protein?
Densitometer
Which protein fraction normally accounts for over half of the serum total protein?
Albumin
In electrophoresis of serum at pH 8.6, which fraction is the fastest moving?
Albumin
What causes increased albumin?
Dehydration
What causes decreased alpha-1 globulin?
Alpha 1 trypsin deficiency
What causes a decreased gamma globulin fraction?
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Which immunoglobulin is increased in Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia?
IgM
Which band is normal in urine electrophoresis?
Albumin
A spike is observed in the gamma region on urine electrophoresis. What is present?
Bence Jones Protein
Name a band that is seen in normal CSF electrophoresis but not normal in serum protein electrophoresis?
Pre-albumin
Gamma globulins that precipitate in the col and present with multiple myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis, polycythemia, leukemia…
Cryoglobulins
An organic catalyst
Enzyme
An organic cofactor required for an enzymatic reaction?
Coenzyme
Slightly different forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction
Isoenzyme
What specimen is required for most enzyme determination
Serum
What is the substrate for lipase?
Triglycerides
What is the substrate for amylase?
Starch
Which enzyme is most specific for acute pancreatitis?
Lipase
In which disease do the highest elevations of alkaline phosphatase occur?
Paget’s Disease
With which clinical condition are the highest levels of CK seen?
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Which clinical condition results in the highest levels of LD?
Pernicious Anemia
What is the most specific cardiac marker?
Cardiac Troponin
What are the substrate for AST?
Aspartate
A-ketoglutarate
Which disease state has the highest elevation of AST and ALT?
Acute Hepatitis
Which enzyme is sensitive indicator of alcoholism?
Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
Which enzyme would be helpful in establishing of bone disease?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Which enzymes would be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of muscle disorders?
CK
AST
LD
Aldolase
Name three substances that are elevated in the blood with renal disease
BUN/Urea
Creatinine
Uric Acid
The end product of protein metabolism
Urea
What is the formula for converting BUN to urea?
Urea = BUN x 2.14
Where is 98% of the body’s creatine located
Muscles
The anhydride of creatine and is formed from creatine by splitting out of water
Creatinine
What reaction is used to measure creatinine
Jaffe Reaction
What is the least variable nitrogenous constituent of blood?
Creatinine
The end product of purine metabolism
Uric Acid
What reagent is commonly used to measure uric acid?
Uricase
An acute, often fetal encephalopathy and fatty degradation of the liver seen primarily in children
Reye’s Syndrome
Which amino acid is increased in the blood of patients with phenylketonuria?
Phenylalanine
What may result if blood for PKU is drawn before 24 hours of age?
False negative
Which amino acids are increased in maple syrup urine disease?
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
The degradation product of heme
Bilirubin
Which protein transports bilirubin in the blood?
Albumin
What substances related to bilirubin metabolism are normally found in the urine?
Urobilinogen
Name the two types of bilirubin
Conjugated Bilirubin
Unconjugated Bilirubin
Which bilirubin fractions are analyzed in the laboratory?
Total and Direct
Which form of bilirubin can be excreted in the urine?
Direct Bilirubin