Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS100 Clin Phys > Clin Phys 5 > Flashcards

Clin Phys 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

peripheral nervous system

central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

detects a stimulus and relays it to the central nervous system (sensory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system? Describe the cascade of events.

A

integrates information from PNS –> a response –> carried to effectors (muscles, glands, blood vessels) via the peripheral nervous system (motor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What composes the central nervous system?

A

brain & spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are neruons? What is their function?

A

excitable cells that receive a stimulus from a neuron or a receptor in the dendrites –> integrates it in the cell body/axon hillock –> passes it along to another stimulus if its is adequately stimulated in the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Label 1-7 of this neuron.

A

1: dendrites
2: cell body (soma)
3: axon
4: oligodendrocyte
5: node of ranvier
6: myelin sheath
7: synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the myeline sheath?

A

provides extra insulation that allows for quick passage of stimulus transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the node of ranvier?

A

allows generation of fast electrical pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Axons are carried in __ called __ in the PNS and __ in the CNS

A

bundles; nerves; tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are bundles of axons/their function?

A

cables that carry electrical impulses b/w brain & body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most neuronal cell bodies reside in the __.

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 3 exceptions to neuronal cell bodies only residing in the CNS? What are there functions?

A
  • dorsal root ganglia: neuronal cell bodies for the axons that bring most sensory info from PNS –> CNS
  • autonomic ganglia: helps regulate activities of ANS (ex., breathing)
  • enteric ganglia: help regulate activity of the gut
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?

A

formation, storage, retrieval of memory, speech, language, abstract thinking, math, planning, and executing plans, perception, voluntary movements (simplex + complex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the contents of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A
  • simple movements: pre-central gyrus
  • complex motor plans: anterior portions + pre-central gyrus
  • motor aspects of speech: anterior & inferior to pre-central gyrus
  • planning, abstract thinking, social behaviour (executive functions): distributed throughout frontal and parietal lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A
  • perception of touch, temperature, vibration: post-central gyrus
  • Perception of “where our limbs are” (proprioception): post-central gyrus
  • memory, executive functions, abstract reasoning - distributed throughout the parietal lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A
  • hearing
  • scent, taste
  • recognition of speech
  • memory: cooperates w/ limbic structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A
  • vision
  • areas that relate visual stimuli to “actual things” (i.e., association cortex)
  • memories related to what has been seen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are memory processors?

A

structure of limbic lobe below temporal lobe - hippocampus, amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is memory stored?

A

in the cortex close to sensation associated w/ them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are basal ganglia?

A

structure that lie below cortex, close to middle of parietal and temporal lobes: striatum, globes pallidus, sub thalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of basal ganglia?

A

to refine & regulate behviours or movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does basal ganglia inhibit?

A

tics, unnecessary movements, non-speech vocalizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does basal ganglia encourage?

A

intended movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Basal ganglia is impaired in several diseases causing?

A
  • tremors, rigidity, difficulty initiating movements
  • random, purposeless movements
  • tics, vocal utterances
  • personality changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • relays information from sensory receptors in PNS –> cortex
  • relays info from brain areas –> refine motor planning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of information does the thalamus relay?

A
  • joint/limb position & movement
  • pain, touch, temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • controls much of endocrine system and pituitary gland
  • regulates temperature activity of ANS, fluid balance
  • some thalamic nuclei modulate emotion and memory formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

T/F: cerebellum is about 50% of mass of brain

A

False, 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the highly folded complex structure of the brain?

A

the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

compares information from receptors that sense joint position + movement and gravity + equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does the cerebellum use info to adjust movements that are formulated in the prefrontal cortex?

A

error-corrects movements that are planned by comparing them to data from receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What passes through the brainstem?

A

ALL pathways that bring sensory information into brain (from PNS) or send motor information out of the brain (to PNS) pass through

34
Q

T/F: Neurons or axons regenerate after damage

A

False, they do not

35
Q

Dorsal components of the spinal cord carry __ __ to the __.

A

sensory information; brain

36
Q

What isolates the spinal cord rom the peripheral nervous system and rest of
the body?

A

meninges

37
Q

What is the spinal cord bathed in?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

38
Q

Ventral components of the spinal cord carry __ __ away from __ to __.

A

motor information; brain; effectors (muscles)

39
Q

What is gray matter made of?

A

mostly cell bodies w/ unmyelinated or lightly myelinated axons

40
Q

What does it mean to be myelinated?

A

the change or maturation of certain nerve cells whereby a layer of myelin forms around the axons which allows the nerve impulses to travel faster

41
Q

Gray matter is divided into 2 horns, what are they? What do they do?

A

ventral horns: cell bodies of neurons that activate skeletal muscles

doral horns: cell bodies of neurons that rely and integrate sensory information to the brain

42
Q

What is white matter made of?

A

myelinated axons

43
Q

White matter is divided into columns, what are they? What do they do?

A
  • dorsal columns: proprioception, vibration sense, fast pain fibres - sensory to brain
  • anterior & lateral columns: pain, temp, itch - sensory to pain
  • anterior columns: motor information –> skeletal muscles
44
Q

The corticospinal tract is a major neuronal pathway providing voluntary ___ function

A

Motor

45
Q

Describe the pathway of the corticospinal tract.

A

motor plan formed (prefrontal cortex) –> activation of neurons in the primary motor cortex (prefrontal lobe) axons travel through the brainstem (medullary pyramids) & cross over to the opposite side –> activation of primary motor neurons in the ventral horn that stimulate skeletal muscle contraction OR activation of motor neurons in the ventral horn that modify reflexes

46
Q

What is the lateral corticospinal tract responsible for?

A

fine movements of extremities

47
Q

What is the anterior corticospinal tract responsible for?

A

movements of trunk

48
Q

What accounts for about 90% of the output of the corticospinal tract?

A

to shut down reflexes that would oppose voluntary movements

49
Q

How does the cerebellum modify motor plans?

A

Cerebellum integrates information from proprioceptors (spinocerebellar tract) & inner ear (vestibulocerebellar tract) to keep cerebellum “up-to-date” on position of body –> Compares this info w/ info from motor “plan” generate by frontal lobe (relayed through the pons) –> Cerebellum “adjusts” motor plan by communicating via thalamus w/ frontal lobe and refining the movements relayed by corticospinal tract

50
Q

What does the motor system depend heavily on?

A

input from receptors about the position of a joint, tension across a joint, and tension in a skeletal muscle (aka proprioceptors)

51
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A

inform the cortex, the cerebellum and neurons in the spinal cord about the actual position of the body

52
Q

What is the pathway of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system?

A

proprioceptor –> dorsal horn –> dorsal column –> thalamus –> post-central gyrus of parietal lobe

53
Q

What is the pathway of the spinocerebellar system?

A

proprioceptor –> dorsal horn –> dorso-lateral columns –> cerebellum

54
Q

What is a reflex?

A

fast, involuntary sequence of muscular movements

55
Q

A motor reflex does not need __ __ __, brainstem or spinal cord circuits are adequate.

A

higher brain centres

56
Q

T/F: reflex are complex

A

False, simple

57
Q

Reflexes have a __ / __ function

A

protective / stabilizing

58
Q

What needs to happen to reflexes in order to perform purposeful complex movements?

A

they need to be inhibited

59
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

a proprioceptor that sense muscle strength

60
Q

As a muscle is stretched, what happens?

A

activates the muscle to contract against the stretch by stimulating the motor neuron in the ventral horn, inhibits antagonist muscle

61
Q

What is a stretch reflex?

A

helps to maintain posture

62
Q

what is a tendon reflex?

A
  • When a tendon is stretched, the antagonist muscle contracts and the agonist relaxes
  • Thought to help prevent tearing the tendon during excessive force generation
63
Q

What is a withdrawal reflex?

A

in response to a painful stimulus, muscles of flexion are activated to withdraw a limb

64
Q

What is a plantar reflex?

A

in response to an irritating stimulus (lateral form stroke of foot), the foot plantar flexes (foot flexes “down”) and toes curl

65
Q

What are deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)?

A

These are simple stretch reflexes activated by striking the tendon with a reflex hammer→contraction of the agonist muscle

66
Q

What are examples of deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)?

A

patellar reflex, triceps reflex

67
Q

What are causes of absent deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)?

A
  • normal variation (some people are really difficult to get reflexes from)
  • damage to sensory or motor nerves innervating the muscle being tested
68
Q

What are causes of excessive deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)?

A
  • loss of inhibition of reflexes from higher brain centres – usually the corticospinal tract (so damage to the corticospinal tract)
69
Q

When are reflexes easier to interpret?

A

when they are asymmetrical - one side greater/less than the other side

70
Q

What reflex develops as we learn to walk?

A

plantar reflex

71
Q

What does it mean if the foot dorsiflexes and the toes spread during a plantar reflex exam?

A

corticospinal input to the lower limb is poor

72
Q

T/F: an “upgoing” plantar reflex is usually a normal finding

A

False, abnormal

73
Q

What does the cerebellar tests include in the neurological exam?

A

▪ rapid alternating movements (RAMS)
▪ point-to-point movements (i.e. patient touches his nose then rapidly touches your finger, and repeats)
▪ heel to shin movements
▪Gait – how coordinated is the patient’s gait?

74
Q

What do the cerebellar tests of the neurological exam rely on?

A

rely on the ability of the cerebellum to evaluate the body’s position and provide feedback to the rest of the motor system

75
Q

if the cerebellum has lost function than the movements of the cerebellar test will be?

A

clumsy, uncoordinated, and slow

76
Q

What does the Romberg test evaluate?

A

function of dorsal columns - Sensory input from proprioceptors to the cerebellum and the parietal cortex – key for joint and limb position sensing

77
Q

Describe the Romberg test.

A
  • Patient stands with feet together and closes her eyes
  • If the patient loses balance and starts to fall (support the patient!), indicates that the dorsal columns could be damaged
  • visual input is no longer available to help the patient keep her balance
78
Q

How can the brain structures in the corticospinal tract be damaged?

A
  • stroke, trauma, demyelinating disease, tumours
  • structures include the precentral gyrus and prefrontal
    cortex
79
Q

What is the result of corticospinal tract damage?

A

pattern of loss of muscle strength – extensors and supinators of the arm are weaker than the pronators or flexors

80
Q

How do you test the corticospinal tract (i.e., pronator drift)?

A
  • Patient stands with arms outstretched, palms up, hand open, eyes closed
  • The arm “drifts” to a more pronated position, the hand closes, and the arm tends to descend

BMS100 Clin Phys (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions