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BMS100 Clin Phys > Clin Phys 2 > Flashcards

Clin Phys 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A
  • heart
  • arteries and arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules and veins
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2
Q

T/F: The cardiovascular system is NOT a feedback loop

A

False. It is

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3
Q

Describe systemic circulation.

A

Left heart applies high pressure to high-O2, low CO2 blood -> systemic arteries + arterioles deliver this blood to most tissues -> systemic capillaries allow tissue to take up O2 and release CO2 -> systemic veins return low-O2, high-CO2 blood to right heart

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4
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation.

A

right heart applies moderate pressure to low-O2, high-CO2 blood -> pulmonary arteries + arterioles deliver this blood to the lung -> pulmonary capillaries allow lung tissue to deliver O2 to and extract CO2 from blood -> pulmonary veins return high-O2, low-CO2 blood to the left heart

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5
Q

Which vessels are apart of the systemic circulation?

A

aorta, vena cava, portal hepatic vein, gastric capillaries, hepatic capillaries, hepatic artery

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6
Q

Which vessels are apart of the pulmonary circulation?

A

pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary vein, hepatic vein

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7
Q

What is relaxation of the heart called?

A

diastole

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8
Q

What is contraction in the heart called?

A

systole

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9
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

pressure within heart drops and ventricles begin to fill with blood (AV valves open)

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10
Q

What happens during systole?

A

pressure it applied to blood and it is pushed out of the heart into circulatory system

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11
Q

What heart stage causes a persons blood pressure to increase?

A

systole

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12
Q

What is the vessel path of blood after systole?

A

arteries and arterioles -> capillaries -> veins and venules

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13
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

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14
Q

What is the role of the left atrium?

A

receives blood from pulmonary vein -> passes blood to left ventricle (atrial systole)

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15
Q

What is the role of the left ventricle?

A

applies pressure to blood (ventricular systole) -> ejects a proportion into the arteries of the aorta

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16
Q

What is the role of the right atrium?

A

receives blood from veins of the vena cavae -> passes blood to the right ventricle

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17
Q

What is the role of the right ventricle?

A

applies pressure to blood -> ejects a proportion into the pulmonary artery

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18
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle.

A

atriole systole (atrial contraction forces blood into ventricles) -> ventricular systole (ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed - 1st phase) -> ventricular systole (semilunar valves open and blood is ejected - 2nd phase) -> ventricular diastole (semilunar valves closed and blood flows into atria - early) -> ventricular diastole (chambers relax and blood fills ventricles passively - late)

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19
Q

What does flow mean?

A

the volume of fluid that passes through a tube over a unity of time (mL/sec, L/min, mL/min)

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20
Q

What does pressure mean?

A

the force that fluid exerts on the walls of its container (type of potential energy)

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21
Q

What does pressure gradient mean?

A

a difference in pressure between two areas in space (one higher, one lower)

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22
Q

When a pressure gradient is present, where does fluid flow?

A

from an area of high pressure to low pressure

23
Q

What is the job of the ventricles? (hint: pressure:energy)

A

apply pressure (potential energy) which is converted to kinetic energy causing a forward movement of blood and bulging of walls)

24
Q

What does the heart do? (2 things)

A
  • applies pressure to blood during ventricular systole (pressure gradient)
  • sends proportion of full (diastolic) volume into arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) every single systole
25
Q

What is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle called?

A

Stroke volume (SV)

26
Q

Calculate CO: SV = 70 mL, HR = 70 bpm

A

70 mL X 70 bpm = 4900 mL/min

27
Q

Compare and contrast arteries and arterioles.

A

arteries: larger, more elastic vessels that conduct blood away from the heart to large organ/tissue “beds” (pressure “reservoirs”)

arterioles: smaller, muscular vessels that feed capillary tissue beds (constrict or dilate to modify flow to each bed)

28
Q

What are the pressures (in mmHg) of the left ventricle during systole and diastole?

A

systole: 120 mmHg
diastole: 0 mmHg

29
Q

Why does the pressure in the arteries never drop to 0 mmHg like the ventricles (during diastole)?

A

the elasticity of the arteries helps to main pressure (stored in the “stretch”)

30
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

To be able to constrict or dilate in different organs/tissue beds depending on overall blood pressure and metabolic needs of the tissue

31
Q

What are capillaries? What do they do?

A

very small vessels that allow exchange of gases, nutrients, metabolites, wastes between blood and tissues

32
Q

T/F: Capillary exchange is the same in pulmonary and systemic capillaries.

A

False. Fundamentally different

33
Q

What is the substance exchange in pulmonary capillary beds (i.e., where is O2 and CO2 going)?

A

O2 diffuses from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries
CO2 diffuses from pulmonary capillaries to alveoli
(high concentration to low concentration)

34
Q

What is the substance exchange in systemic capillary beds (i.e., where is O2 and CO2 going)?

A

O2 diffuses from systemic capillary beds to tissue
CO2 diffuses from tissue to systemic capillary beds

35
Q

What is the goal of the pulmonary system?

A

to exchange molecules between the atmosphere and the blood (high O2, low CO2)

36
Q

What is the “pump” in the pulmonary system vs. the systemic circulation?

A

pulmonary: diaphragm
systemic: ventricles (left)

37
Q

What is the substance being pumped in the pulmonary system vs. the systemic circulation?

A

pulmonary: gas
systemic: blood

38
Q

What is the pH in capillary blood in the pulmonary system vs. systemic circulation?

A

pulmonary: higher and higher (alkaline)
systemic: lower and lower (acid)

39
Q

What is the function of veins and venuoles?

A

STORE blood
- return blood to the heart

40
Q

How much of the blood volume do systemic veins store?

A

60% (~3L)

41
Q

What organs maintain pH?

A

brain, kidneys, lung

42
Q

What do pH sensors do and where are they located?

A

detect H+ in form of CO2 levels within the brain

43
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

receptor that sense pressure

44
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

gas sensors: CO2 and O2

45
Q

Where are major baroreceptors found?

A

carotid arteries
arch of aorta
(carotid sinus -> major one)

46
Q

How do baroreceptors control pressure when it drops?

A

pressure drops -> message sent to brainstem via nerves -> activation of the sympathetic nervous system -> release of epinephrine, norepinephrine (more contraction in heart, constriction of arterioles) -> elevation in HR and constriction of arterioles

47
Q

What happens when you drop arterial O2 or increase arterial CO2?

A

increase in respiratory rate
increase in volume ventilated each breath

48
Q

What do the medulla and pons regulate?

A

activity of major muscles of ventilation

49
Q

What is normal HR range in adults?

A

60-100 bpm AT REST

50
Q

What is a healthy BP?

A

> 140 mmHg (systolic) / 90 mmHg (diastolic) AT REST

51
Q

What is an abnormally low BP?

A

90 mmHg (systolic) / 60 mmHg (diastolic)

52
Q

Which vital sign varies the most between individuals?

A

respiratory rate

53
Q

What is a normal respiratory rate?

A

between 12 and 20 breaths/min

BMS100 Clin Phys (8 decks)

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