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BMS100 Clin Phys > Clin Phys 4 > Flashcards

Clin Phys 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the nasopharynx lead to?

A

larynx

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2
Q

What is the larynx?

A

cartilaginous structure that contains the vocal folds

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3
Q

What is the trachea?

A

midline, non-paired conducting airway

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4
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

branching airways that contain variable amounts of cartilage

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5
Q

T/F: Each bronchus breaks up into ONLY primary and secondary bronchi

A

False. Each bronchus breaks up into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi

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6
Q

What side of the lungs has the cardiac notch?

A

left lung

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7
Q

What are bronchioles, what do they lack, what surrounds them?

A

branching airways that lack cartilage but are surrounded by smooth muscle

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8
Q

What are the alevoli, what are they the main site for?

A

delicate, balloon-like structures that are the main sites of gas exchange

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9
Q

What is the site of pulmonary microvasculature?

A

alevoli

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10
Q

What is the movement of gas driven by in ventilation?

A

pressure gradients

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11
Q

What is ventilation?

A

process which air moves in and out of the lungs (conducting zone)

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12
Q

Describe the process of ventilation.

A

skeletal muscles change the volume of the thoracic cavity -> pressure changes -> air movement through conducting airways

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13
Q

What structures do the conducting airways include?

A

nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles

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14
Q

What is the volume of air that fills the conducting zone of respiration?

A

150 mL

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15
Q

What is the movement of gas driven by in diffusion?

A

concentration gradients

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16
Q

What is diffusion?

A

spontaneous movement of gases without use of energy or effort by the body

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17
Q

Why do capillaries and alveoli need to be close together?

A

to be able to exchange gas over small distances (O2 out of alveoli, CO2 in alveoli)

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18
Q

What is the volume after a quiet inspiration?

A

3 L

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19
Q

What is visceral pleura and where is it located?

A

inner layer of serous membrane that is superficial to the lungs, lining the lung fissure

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20
Q

What is parietal pleura and where is it located?

A

outer layer of serous membrane that connects lung to thoracic wall, diaphragm, and media stinum

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21
Q

What do the visceral pleura and parietal pleura create?

A

pleural cavity (fluid filled)

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22
Q

What muscles are associated with ventilation?

A

chest wall muscles (intercostals, scalene, SCM)

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23
Q

How does the ventilatory apparatus work?

A

muscles change the volume of the chest wall/thoracic space (volume changes -> pressure changes)

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24
Q

What muscles contract during inspiration?

A

external intercostals - ribs move up and out
diaphragm - descends with contraction

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25
Q

What happens to the volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

volume increases, pressure decreases

26
Q

Describe the process of inspiration.

A

drop in intrathoracic pressure -> drop in lung pressure of airspaces of lungs -> movement of air from atmosphere into lungs

27
Q

Why does air move in during inspiration?

A

because of the drop in pressure inside the body (area of high pressure outside -> low pressure inside)

28
Q

What muscles relax during expiration?

A

external intercostals - move down and in
diaphragm - rises

29
Q

What happens to the volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity during expiration?

A

volume decreases, pressure increases

30
Q

Describe the process of expiration.

A

increase in intrathoracic pressure -> airspaces of the lungs increase pressure -> movement of air from lungs back to atmosphere

31
Q

How does the chest wall/diaphragm connect to the lungs?

A

pleural cavity - movement of chest wall and diaphragm are tied to it

32
Q

What does the fluid in the pleural cavity connect the chest wall to?

A

alveoli

33
Q

What does the fluid in the pleural cavity allow for?

A

allows lungs to enlarge when thoracic walls move up and out, lubrication

34
Q

T/F: Intrapleural pressure will always be lower than the pressure of the alevoli

A

True

35
Q

Which lung has a middle lobe?

A

right lung

36
Q

Where is the bifurcation of the trachea located at?

A

under the sternum, close to the joint of the 3rd ribs

37
Q

Where do the inferior lobe airspaces descend from posteriorly and to during deep inspiration?

A

descends from 10th rib to the 12th

38
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

to warm and moisten air

39
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

phonation (speaking) and protection of airways from food/liquids

40
Q

What does unilateral pleural effusion cause?

A
  • difficulty for airspaces to expand
  • difficult to hear breath sounds
  • lungs are dull to percussion (fluid is in the way)
41
Q

What are possible causes of unilateral pleural effusion?

A

cancer, infection (i.e., pneumonia), trauma

42
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

fluid in the pleural space

43
Q

What does bilateral pleural effusion cause?

A
  • difficult for airspaces to expand
  • difficult to hear breath sounds, lungs are dull to percussion (fluid is the way)
44
Q

What are possible causes of bilateral pleural effusion?

A

congestion due to heart failure, bilateral infection, inflammation

45
Q

What is consolidation?

A

“gunk” in the airways and alevoli

46
Q

How do you know if someone has consilidation (3 points)?

A
  • bronchophony - fluid in the airspaces transmits sounds better than air, therefore if you can hear the patient speak more clearly while auscultating -> consolidation
  • dull to percussion
  • decreased breath sounds and/or crackles
47
Q

Where is fluid found when someone has coarse crackles?

A

large airways

48
Q

Where is fluid usually found when someone has fine crackles?

A

small airways

49
Q

What are most causes of consolidation?

A
  • infections: pneumonia, COPD
  • tumour overgrowth -> “gunk” collects and can’t be cleared
50
Q

T/F: Location of the crackle sound does not matter and does not let you know where consolidation is.

A

False, location matters and tells you where consolidation is present

51
Q

What conditions cause fine crackles?

A

pulmonary edema due to infection or congestive heart failure

52
Q

T/F: Fine crackles can also occur when small airways “snap” open during some types of COPD

A

True

53
Q

When would you hear a “wheeze”?

A

when a small airway is narrowed or constricted

54
Q

Is a wheeze a high-pitch or low-pitch sound?

A

high-pitched

55
Q

What obstructive diseases would cause a wheeze?

A

asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema

56
Q

When would you hear “stridor”?

A

when a large airways is narrowed or constricted

57
Q

What does stridor sounds like?

A

loud, harsh sound on inspiration (sometimes expiration)

58
Q

What airways are obstructured during stridor?

A

upper airways (trachea and above)

59
Q

What are causes of stridor?

A

infection, trauma, or foreign body getting “stuck” (aspiration) (ex., croupe)

60
Q

T/F: Wheezing can often be heard without a microscope.

A

False, stridor can often be heard without a microscope

BMS100 Clin Phys (8 decks)

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