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BMS100 Clin Phys > Clin Phys 1 > Flashcards

Clin Phys 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major tissue types?

A

Muscular, epithelial, nervous, connective

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2
Q

T/F: a tissue is composed of one major type of cell

A

True

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3
Q

T/F: Organs are composed of one tissue type

A

False, varying quantities

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4
Q

Why is smooth muscle found in almost every region of the body?

A

because it forms an integral part of blood vessels

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5
Q

Common places nervous tissue is found includes…

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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6
Q

Common places epithelial tissue is found includes…

A

Lining of GI tract organs and other hallow organs
skin surface (epidermis)

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7
Q

Common places muscle tissue is found includes…

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Common places connective tissue is found includes…

A

fat and other soft passing tissue
bone
tendon

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9
Q

Name examples of epithelial tissue function.

A

protection
transport
absorption
secretion/removal of wastes
diffusion
secretion of useful substances

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10
Q

How do epithelial cells optimize diffusion?

A

They have thin cells reducing the distance substances need to diffuse

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11
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubricating substance

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12
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretes and absorbs

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13
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

absorbs
secretes mucous and enzymes

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14
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

secretes mucus
ciliated tissue move mucus

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15
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protects against abrasion

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16
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

protective tissue

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17
Q

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

secretes and protects

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18
Q

What are the three things epithelium faces?

A

a cavity, tube, or outside world

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19
Q

What anchors and nourishes epithelial tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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20
Q

T/F: Connective tissue membranes have no epithelial lining

A

True

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21
Q

What does connective tissue line and cover?

A

line a joint
cover an organ

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22
Q

What are two ways epithelial membranes protect the skin?

A

physical barrier
substances it secretes keeps microbes from invading

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23
Q

What are two ways the respiratory membrane keeps “stuff” out of gas exchange?

A

squamous epithelium
hosting macrophages

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24
Q

What do mucous membranes line?

A

digestive tracts
respiratory tracts
urinary tracts
reproductive tracts

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25
Q

What does serous membranes line?

A

body cavities closed to exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

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26
Q

What does cutaneous membrane cover?

A

body surface (aka skin)

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27
Q

What do synovial membranes line and do?

A

joint cavities and produce fluid within the joint

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28
Q

What stronger structures does connective tissue protect?

A

bone, cartilage, dense regular (tendons, ligaments), dense irregular tissue (dermis of skin)

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29
Q

What weaker structures does connective tissue protect?

A

aerolar and reticular (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen), adipose tissue (fat)

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30
Q

What are the functions of fluid connective tissue?

A

RBCs: carries O2 and CO2
Platelets: helps clotting mechanisms
Lymph: removes excess fluid and provides transport for immune cells

31
Q

What is bone (connective tissue) important for?

A

endocrine organ
mineral storage depot

32
Q

What is fat (connective tissue) important for?

A

endocrine organ
store of metabolic energy
thermoregulator

33
Q

What is another name for structural connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper

34
Q

What are the cell types in connective tissue proper?

A

fibroblasts
osetoblasts/osteocytes
chondroblasts
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells

35
Q

What are the non-cellular elements (matrix) that make up connective tissue proper?

A

fibre: collagen, elastic, reticular
ground substance: polysaccharide and protein complexes

36
Q

T/F: Connective tissue proper contains only loose connective tissue.

A

False. Contains dense and loose connective tissue

37
Q

Why are bone and cartilage not considered connective tissue proper?

A

no adipocytes

38
Q

What are fibres responsible for?

A

structural characteristics of connective tissue

39
Q

What is the difference between Type I and Type IV collagen fibres?

A

Type I: very strong, cable-like protein that imparts strength
Type IV: more delicate that often links epithelial tissue to connective tissue

40
Q

What are elastic fibres responsible for?

A

tissue and organ elasticity

41
Q

What is ground substance?

A
  • gelatinous material between cells and fibre
  • helps absorb pressure
  • located all throughout body
42
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

glycoproteins (globular proteins) and proteoglycans (large polysaccharides)

43
Q

Is ground substance hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

44
Q

What do fibroblasts do in connective tissue proper?

A

produce the matrix

45
Q

What do macrophages do in connective tissue proper?

A

diverse set of functions in repair and defence (immune cells)

46
Q

What do adipocytes do in connective tissue proper?

A

central large fat–storing vacuole

47
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

specialized cytoskeleton that allows the cell to shorten and exert a pulling force with a variable expenditure of ATP

48
Q

What is the function and structure of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

function: voluntary, responsible for movement, concentrated pulling force
structure: striated fibres with a very orderly cytoskeletal arrangement, multiple nuclei per cell, myofibrils

49
Q

What is the function and structure of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

function: involuntary, only found in heart, pumps blood
structure: striated fibres with an orderly cytoskeletal arrangement, each cell has ONE nucleus, each cell is connected electrically

50
Q

What is the function and structure of smooth muscle tissue?

A

function: involuntary, found in wide variety of organs –> wide variety of functions
Structure: less order, lower ATP expenditure

51
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A
  1. PNS detects a stimulus, relays it to CNS (sensory)
  2. CND (brain, spinal cord) integrates this info –> response
  3. response is carried to effectors (muscles, glands, blood vessels) via the peripheral nervous system (motor)
52
Q

What is the main types of cells in nervous tissue?

A

neurons
glial cells

53
Q

What are neruons and their functions in the nervous system with regards to the stimuli cascade?

A

excitable cell
receives a stimulus from a neuron or receptor (at dendrites) –> integrates it (ranks it, compares to other stimuli) (at cell body, axon hillock) –> passes along another stimulus if it is adequately stimulated (axon)

54
Q

What are bundles of axons called in the PNS vs. CNS?

A

PNS: nerves
CNS: tracts

55
Q

What are the three exceptions to neuronal cell bodies only residing in the CNS?

A

dorsal root ganglia: neuronal cell bodies for axons that bring most sensory info from PNS to CNS
autonomic ganglia: help regulate activities of the autonomic NS
enteric ganglia: help regulate the activity of the gut

56
Q

What are a cluster of neurons called?

A

ganglion

57
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglial cells

58
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

supports neurons within CNS

59
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

“insulate” axons with a layer of myelin within the CNS

60
Q

What is the function of schwann cells?

A

myelinate (mature, protect) axons in the PNS –> increase speed of a stimulus

61
Q

What is the function of microglial cells?

A

clean up debris, detect microbial invaders/injury in the CNS

62
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

wrap around neurons for protection

63
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary organ system?

A
  • protection
  • sensation
  • removal of wastes
  • vitamin storage
  • thermoregulation
  • vitamin D production
64
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal organ system?

A
  • protection
  • support
  • movement
  • mineral balance
65
Q

What are the functions of the muscular organ system?

A
  • movement
  • blood sugar regulation
66
Q

What are the functions of the nervous organ system?

A
  • detects and processes sensory info –> responses
  • acid-base balance
  • thermoregulation
  • control of endocrine system
67
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine organ system?

A
  • secretes hormones that impact metabolism, activity, and growth of most organs/systems
  • electrolyte balance
  • mineral balance
  • thermoregulation
  • tissue repair (cortisol)
  • blood sugar regulation
68
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular organ system?

A
  • delivery of nutrients and oxygen to tissues
  • removal of wastes
  • acid-base balance
  • electrolyte balance
  • thermoregulation
  • removal of wastes
69
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic and immune system?

A
  • protection from microbes
  • tissue repair
  • removal of wastes
  • destruction of cancer cells
70
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory organ system?

A
  • oxygenates blood and removes carbon dioxide
  • acid-base balance
  • removal of wastes
71
Q

What are the functions of the digestive organ system?

A
  • processes food and removes undigested wastes
  • vitamin D production
  • blood sugar regulation
  • vitamin storage
72
Q

What are the functions of the urinary organ system?

A
  • water balance
  • waste removal
  • mineral balance
  • electrolyte balance
  • removal of wastes
  • vitamin D production
  • acid-base balance
  • endocrine - RBC production
73
Q

What are the functions of the reproductive organ system?

A
  • produces gametes
  • support embryo/fetus
  • growth
74
Q

T/F: Explanation for disease is due to dysfunction at molecule, cellular, or tissue level

A

True

BMS100 Clin Phys (8 decks)

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