Climate Change Organisations Flashcards
UNFCCC- United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change
1994; Bonn, Germany
Kyoto Protocol was negotiated under this framework.
India is Non Annex party
legally non-binding, but makes provisions for meeting called ‘protocols’ where negotiating countries can set legally binding limits
Annex I countries: industrialized countries and economies in transition
Annex II countries: developed countries which pay for costs of developing countries
Non Annex I countries: Developing countries.
Kyoto Protocol
1997; Kyoto, Japan; in force 2005
the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.
GHGs: Carbon Dioxide (CO2),Methane (CH4),Nitrous Oxide (NO2),Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)
Two groups of gases : Hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluoro carbons (PFCs)
binding targets to Annex I countries
India has ratified the second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol known as the Doha Amendment to the protocol. Paris agreement (2015) is not an amendment to Kyoto Protocol but a separate instrument altogether.
Bali Meet 2007
COP 13, CMP 3.
Launch of the Adaptation Fund
The Bali Action Plan (BAP) launched a comprehensive process to enable the implementation of the Convention through long- term cooperative action up to and beyond 2012.
All developed country Parties have agreed to “Quantified emission limitation taking into account differences in their national circumstances.” Developed countries stressed developing also to undertake some kind of emission cuts. all countries should pledge voluntary limits (no binding obligations).
Copenhagen Summit 2009
● COP 15, CMP 5.
● Produced the Copenhagen Accord. ● Agreement between developing nations block called BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India and China).
● Agrees a “goal” for the world to raise $100 billion per year by 2020. New multilateral funding for adaptation will be delivered, with a governance structure.
Cancun Summit 2010
● COP 16, CMP 6.
● An agreement adopted by the COP called for a large “Green Climate Fund”, and an “Adaptation Committee” at global level to support developing countries in mitigation of GHGs.
● As per the Cancun Agreements, all Parties to the Convention (including the developed and developing countries) have agreed to report their voluntary mitigation goals for implementation.
Durban Summit 2011
● COP 17, CPM 7.
● Adopted the “Durban Platform for Enhanced Action”. COP 17 approved the Governing Instrument for the GCF.
● Parties have agreed to “develop legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force”. This new treaty is due to be adopted at the 21st COP, and implemented in 2020.
●
Other mechanisms of UNFCC
The Global Environment Facility (GEF), as an operating entity of the Financial Mechanism, has been entrusted to operate the SCCF.
The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) was established under the Convention in 2001 to finance projects relating to: adaptation; technology transfer and capacity building; energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management; and economic diversification.
REDD
REDD = “reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries”
It is under negotiation under UNFCC since 2005
India did not participated in UN-REDD
REDD+ (Defined in Bali Action Plan, 2007, CoP13)
● REDD+ (or REDD-plus) = to “reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries”
● REDD+ is essentially a vehicle to financially reward developing countries for their verified efforts to reduce emissions and enhance removals of greenhouse gases through a variety of forest management option
● India favours REDD+
Global Environment Facility-GEF (1992)
The GEF provides grants for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer, and persistent organic pollutants. The GEF also serves as financial mechanism for the following conventions:
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Minamata Convention on Mercury
Green Climate Fund- GCF (2010; in CANCUN Summit)
It is a fund within the framework of UNFCCC.
It is founded to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.
Formed in 2010 First mention of concept in Copenhagen Accord in CoP-15 Formally in CoP-16 at Cancun.
World Bank is chosen as a temporary trustee of the fund. HQ : Incheon, South Korea
It is intended to be the centrepiece of efforts to raise Climate Finance of $100 billion a year by 2020.
This is not an official figure for the size of the Fund itself, however. No clarity about from where money will come in this fund. Developed countries even after pledging has contributed very less to it
IPCC
The IPCC was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Assessment Report (AR) is published by IPCC.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the international body for assessing the science related to climate change.
IPCC assessments provide a scientific basis for governments at all levels to develop climate related policies, and they underlie negotiations at the UN Climate Conference – the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Paris Agreement
It deals with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.
Opened for signature on 22 April 2016 (Earth Day) It has not entered into force yet. India has signed it.
India’s contribution in global greenhouse gas is 4.10% in 2015.
The contribution that each individual country called “nationally determined contributions” (NDCs) Targets will not be binding as it is not possible to enforce them.
NDCs will be revised after 5 years in 2023.
Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. India’s proposed targets: Reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level.
Achieve about 40% electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 with help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance. Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.
International Solar Alliance
The ISA was launched at the 2015 Paris Climate Change Summit by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President Francois Hollande.
Under this alliance, 121 countries that fall within the tropics have been invited.
Headquarters at Gurugram, India.
It seeks to empower solar-rich countries located between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn to make collaborative efforts to harness solar energy to generate the electricity.
Its major objectives include global deployment of over 1,000GW of solar generation capacity and mobilisation of investment of over US $1000 billion into solar energy by 2030.
Climate Smart Agriculture
Climate change and resultant increased frequency of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and storms has put many developing countries at the risk of growing food insecurity.
Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and farmers’ incomes.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) Identifying and promoting sustainable agriculture practices and tools e.g. Organic farming; Agroforestry;
Using inputs more efficiently and effectively Increasing the productivity of milk and meat production
