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grade 10 Science > Climate change and earth science > Flashcards

Climate change and earth science Flashcards

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1
Q

what is weather

A
  • A description of the atmospheric conditions in a particular location over a short period of time.

-Includes temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind.

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2
Q

what is climate

A
  • The average weather in a region over a long period of time (> 30 years).
  • The climate of a region determines the types of animals and plants that live there.
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3
Q

what is the difference between weather and climate

A
  • weather refers to short-term changes in the atmosphere, climate describes what the weather is like over a long period of time in a specific area.
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4
Q

what are climate zones based on

A

temperature, precipitation, and vegetation

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5
Q

explain ecozones

A
  • In the last 30 years, there has been a greater focus on ecosystems.
  • Based on landforms, soil, vegetation, and human factors, in addition to precipitation and temperatures.
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6
Q

what’s the difference between ecozones and ecoregion

A
  • canadian ecozone= global ecoregion
  • Globally, there are 867 distinct ecoregions.

-E.g., Timmins is located in the Abitibi Plains ecoregion, which is one of the 30 ecoregion in the Boreal Shield ecozone.

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7
Q

what are factors affecting climate

A
  • Distance from the equator (latitude).
  • The presence of large bodies of water.
  • The presence of ocean or air currents.
  • Land formations
  • The height above sea level (altitude)
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8
Q

explain which energy (quanta) is in the sun

A

The Sun emits a wide range of light (electromagnetic radiation)
(UV, visible, and infrared)

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9
Q

explain the Interaction between Earth and the Solar radiation

A
  • Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted
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10
Q

when does earths surface absorb/emit light

A

-Earth’s surface absorbs light during the day and emits light during the night

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11
Q

explain the difference between outgoing and outgoing lower energy radiation?

A
  • outgoing solar radiation (30%) is reflected by clouds, the atmosphere, and earths surface
  • outgoing lower energy infrared radiation (70%) is radiated by clouds, the atmosphere, and both directly and indirectly from the earth
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12
Q

what are the four main components of earths climate system

A
  • lithosphere (rocks)
  • hydrosphere (water)
  • atmosphere (gas)
  • living things

-Each component absorbs solar radiation and moves energy around the globe.

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13
Q

what are the atmostshpereic components

A
  • Nitrogen (N2) 78%
  • Oxygen (O2) 21%
  • Argon (Ar) 0.93%
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.04%
  • Water (H2O) trace amounts - 4% (depending on climate)
  • Trace amounts of methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, CFCs, and other gases.
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14
Q

what are the greenhouse gases

A
  • Any gas in the atmosphere that absorbs infrared radiation from the Earth and radiates it in all directions.
  • Water vapour (H20)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Methane (CH4)
  • Ozone (O3)
  • Nitrous oxide (N2O)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
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15
Q

what is the greenhouse gas effect

A
  • High-energy radiation from the sun enters the atmosphere.
  • Gases and clouds in the atmosphere trap some of the infrared radiation from Earth’s surface and radiate it back.
  • This is a natural process that has been happening for millions of years.
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16
Q

explain Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A
  • Concentration: 385 ppm (parts per million)
  • Causes up to 25% of greenhouse effect on Earth
  • Carbon cycles through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere
17
Q

explain carbon sinks

A
    • forests and oceans, act as carbon sinks because they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store the carbon atoms
  • CO2 is stored in plants through photosynthesis and released back into atmosphere when plants burn or decompose.
  • CO2 dissolves into ocean and forms solid calcium carbonate, which sinks to the bottom of the ocean.
18
Q

explain Water vapour (H2O)

A
  • Concentration: trace amounts - 4%
  • Causes up to 67% of greenhouse effect on Earth.
  • Water also cycles through the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.

-warmer climates lead to more water vapour, more water vapour leads to warmer climates

19
Q

explain the albedo effect

A
  • Ice and snow on Earth’s surface reflect more solar radiation than grass and trees.
  • ice melts -> less sun radiates ->warmer climates
  • ice forms -> more sun reflects -> colder climates
20
Q

explain Methane (CH4)

A
  • Concentration: 1.785 ppm
  • Methane is 23 times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2
  • produced naturally by biological processes, such as plant decomposition and animal digestion.
21
Q

explain the Ozone (O3)

A
  • trophosephere/planes (O3 is toxic as a greenhouse gas)
  • stratosphere (protects earth from high energy UV radiation)
  • mesosphere
  • thermosphere
  • exosphere
22
Q

explain Nitrous oxide (N2O)

A
  • Concentration: 0.321 ppm
  • Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2.
  • Produced by the reactions of bacteria in soil and water.
23
Q

explain Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

A
  • Concentration: trace amounts
  • Depletes ozone layer, allowing more UV light to pass through the atmosphere.
  • Only produced by human sources
  • Used as a refrigerant
  • under Global ban: No longer allowed to be used and manufactured (Montreal Protocol)
24
Q

what is anthropology

A

the study of humans

25
Q

what are Anthropogenic (human caused) changes to our Earth’s atmospheric makeup

A
  • Increased CO2 released from combustion
  • Increased CH4 from agriculture
  • Increase N2O from fertilizers
  • CFCs from industrial waste
  • As global temperatures increase, more CO2 is released from oceans, causing temperature to increase further.
  • As global temperatures increase, more H2O is evaporated from oceans, causing temperatures to increase further.
26
Q

what is the anthropogenic greenhouse gas effect

A
  • the increase in the amount if lower-energy infrared radiation trapped by the atmosphere but to human activities, overall leading to an increase in earths average temperature `
27
Q

Describe how human activities (e.g., driving, deforestation, burning wood and fossil fuels, manufacture of CFCs, etc.) contribute to the anthropogenic greenhouse gas effect.

A
  • burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide
  • When forests are cut down, much of that stored carbon is released into the atmosphere again as carbon dioxide (CO2). This is how deforestation and forest degradation contribute to global warming.
  • Collectively, cars and trucks account for nearly one-fifth of all US emissions, emitting around 24 pounds of carbon dioxide
  • Gaseous CFCs can deplete the ozone layer when they slowly rise into the stratosphere

grade 10 Science (10 decks)

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