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grade 10 Science > bio unit 3 cell cycle > Flashcards

bio unit 3 cell cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 6 phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. interphase
  2. prophase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
  6. cytokinesis

(phases 2-5 is the division process broken up into four parts and called mitosis)

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2
Q

explain interphase

A
  • longest phase
  • inbetween cell divisions
  • carries out all life activities (growth, cellualr respiration, speciallized fentins)
  • deoxybronocleric acid (DNA) is replicated into a second copy
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3
Q

explain prophase

A
  • chromatin, in the nucleus of parent cell condense into sister chromatids, which allow them to become visible under optical microscopes.
  • Humans have 46 chromosomes.
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4
Q

explain metaphase

A
  • Spindle fibres push sister chromatids to the middle (equator) of the parent cell
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5
Q

explain anaphase

A
  • The sister chromatids are now each called daughter chromosomes
  • Spindle fibres pull the daughter chromosomes toward the poles (opposite ends of the parent cell).
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6
Q

explain telophase

A
  • ## Daughter chromosomes unwind at the poles and become invisible in an optical microscope.
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7
Q

explain cytokinesis

A
  • final stage
  • cytoplasm divides producing two identical daughter cells

in animal cells: cytoplasm is pinched between two daughter cells
in plant cells: new cell wall is built between two daughter cells

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8
Q

explain uncontrolled mitosis

A
  • specialized proteins moniter/regulate cell division, protein is built by blueprints stored in DNA
  • errors in DNA can result in proteins not being built, change can lead cells to uncontrollably go through mitosis
  • errors in DNA
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9
Q

what are the two kinds of factors for uncontrolled mitosis

A

hereditary: genetic mutations passed through family
enviornmental: genetic mutations by exposure to enviornmental factors (radiation, ultraviolet light, etc)
- cancer is not contagious, neither is mitosis

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10
Q

what are the two types of growth for tumours

A

benign: non-cancerous tumour that doesnt affect surrounded cells besides crowding them
malignant: cancerous cells that affect surounding cell

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11
Q

what are the kinds of cells that leave malignant tumours and start a secondary tumour elsewhere

A

metastatic

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12
Q

what are causes of cancer

A
  • cells are constantly dividing so an error in replicationj
  • mutations are random changes in DNA
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13
Q

what are envionmental causes of cancer

A
  • carcinogens

such as:
- componants of tobbaco smoke
-high energy radiations (eg, x-ray, uv, etc)
- viruses (eg. HPV, hepititus b, etc)
- certain chemicals (eg. BPA, organic solutants, etc)

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14
Q

what are different kinds of cancer screenings

A
  • be aware of changes in your body, check for cancer even with no symptoms
  • can be done at home or with family/speciallized physician

~ mamogram, pap test, self testicular exam, skin exam, and blood tests

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15
Q

what are forms of cancer treatments

A
  • surgery- if easily accesible/well-defined
  • radiation- focasing high-energy light to kill cells
  • chemotherepy- injection of chemical agents into entire body to target/kill all rapidly dividing cell types (cancer, hairline follicle, gl cells, bone marrow, etc)
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16
Q

explain cell specialization

A
  • all multicellular organisms are composed primarily of specialized cells with features allowing them to perform particular functions

eg. red blood cells bind O2 molecules and transport them throughout blood

  • they serve one primary function instead of doing everything an organsim needs to stay alive
    -cells stem different parts of DNA to determine what cell it needs to become
17
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells

A

can be differentiated, after finding its role its impossible to change/convert again without manmaid appliances

18
Q

what are ways to exten=rnal induction (change gene expression)

A
  • diffusion
  • direct contact
  • gapjunction
19
Q

list the hierarchy of structure (levels of organisms) in animal stem cells and cellular differentation

A

cell(low level)- tissure- organ-o rgan system- organism (high level)

20
Q

explain organ systems

A

-system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body function, such as digestion or reproduction
-Examples: musculoskeletal, respiratory, and nervous systems

21
Q

explain organs

A
  • A structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex body function
  • Examples: heart pumps blood, stomach breaks down food, lungs transport O2 into the body and CO2 out of the body, etc
22
Q

explain tissues function

A
  • Groups of similar cell types that perform a particular, but limited, function
  • There are four main tissue types in animals: epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
23
Q

explain the four different kinds of tissues

A

epithelial: skin/lining of digestive system, function is protection from dehydration and low-friction surfaces
connective: bones/tendons/blood, function is support and insulation
muscle: muscles that make bones move/surounding digestive tract/heart, function is movement
nerve: brain/nerves in sensory organs, function is sensory, communication within the body, and cordination of body functions

24
Q

explain stem cells with relation to the heiarchy

A
  • An undifferentiated cell
  • They can divide to form other stem cells or, based on internal and external factors, can differentiate into specialized cells
25
Q

explain the two types of stem cells

A
  • Pluripotent stem cells (embryonic)
    Stem cells that can differentiate into any type of specialized cell.
    Found in higher quantities in embryos (babies in utero).
  • Multipotent stem cells (tissue stem cells or adult stem cells)
    Stem cells that can only differentiate into specific specialized cells.
    E.g., bone marrow stem cells can differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
    Found in small quantities in adults.
26
Q

explain differentiation

A

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

27
Q

explain gene expression

A
  • The “turning on” of specific parts of DNA that instruct the cell how to build specific proteins. Other genes are “turned off”
28
Q

Describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis.

A

mitosis- asexual reproduction
meiosis- sexual reproduction

grade 10 Science (10 decks)

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