Clastridium Ch 20. Bacillus Anthrax

Question 1

Gram+ rods
endospore forming
obligate anaerobic (spores are O2 resistant)

Answer 1

Clostridium

Question 2

environment (soil) + intestinal mucus

Answer 2

Clostridium

Question 3

Endospore

staining

Answer 3

Malachite Green

Question 4

severe form of food poisoning (often home canning)

► paralysis

Answer 4

Botulism

Question 5

Clostridium botulinum

Virulence Factors

Answer 5

botulinum neurotoxin (AB-exotoxin) blocks Acetylcholine release
► flaccid muscles including respiratory paralysis ► death

Question 6

botulinum neurotoxin (AB-exotoxin) blocks ............. release
► flaccid muscles including respiratory paralysis ► death

Answer 6

botulinum neurotoxin (AB-exotoxin) blocks Acetylcholine release
► flaccid muscles including respiratory paralysis ► death

Question 7

Clostridium botulinum

Tissue invasion or No?

Answer 7

NO. A acts through toxin

Question 8

Bacterial growth remains localized but tetanus toxin spreads

Answer 8

Clostridium tetani

Question 9

Tetanospasmin

Answer 9

tetanospasmin (tetanus AB-exotoxin neurotoxin, plasmid-encoded) blocks GABA (gammaaminobutyric
acid) and glycine release ► loss of inhibitory input to motor neuron excitation ►
uncontrolled muscle contraction “spastic paralysis”
Toxin effect may be localized and one-sided (on opposite side of infection); anti-toxin usually
too late

Question 10

tetanospasmin (tetanus AB-exotoxin neurotoxin, plasmid-encoded) blocks …………..

Answer 10

tetanospasmin (tetanus AB-exotoxin neurotoxin, plasmid-encoded) blocks GABA and glycine

Question 11

Tentanus can be

Answer 11

Localized and general

Question 12

Tentanus prevents

Answer 12

Muscle relaxation

Question 13

Neonatal tetanus

Answer 13

Passive immunization (IgG) of pregnant women can prevent
neonatal tetanus death by umbilical infection (250,000/yr
worldwide)

Question 14

only Clostridial species

WITH tissue invasion

Answer 14

Clostridium perfringens

Question 15

(lecithinase-phospholipase C) ► membrane destruction (α-hemolysis) What species?

Answer 15

α-toxin

Clostridium perfringens

Question 16

(β-hemolysis) ► complete hemolysis, cytolytic toxin

What species?

Answer 16

θ-toxin

Question 17

collagenase, hyaluronidase facilitates ……………

What Species?

Answer 17

Clostridium perfringens

collagenase, hyaluronidase facilitate tissue invasion from the edges of necrotizing tissues.

Question 18

gas gangrene
anaerobic fermentation (of amino acids)
► gas (H2, CO2)

Answer 18

anaerobic fermentation (of amino acids)
► gas (H2, CO2)
Clostridium perfringens

Question 19

uterine gangrene

Answer 19

Clostridium perfringens
puerperal (“childbed”) fever: uterine gangrene
when dirt and dust and fecal matter attack a
traumatized post-abortion uterus

Question 20

gangrene is associated with?

Answer 20

Clostridium perfringens

Question 21

No vaccination is possible with

Answer 21

Antibody against α-toxin fails to stop gas gangrene: amputate
Clostridium perfringens

Question 22

Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis?

Which species

Answer 22

Clostridium difficile
Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
(PMC) results from broad-spectrum antibiotics that kill
much of the other normal intestinal bacterial flora,
giving resistant species like toxin-producing
Clostridium difficile a chance to take over.
Also observed after antimicrobial chemo-therapy

Question 23

Clostridium difficile Virulance Factors

Answer 23

toxin A (enterotoxin): PMN chemotaxis,
inhibits intestinal tight-junctions ► fluid leak
Ø toxin B (cytotoxin): actin depolymerization
► rounding of epithelial cells ► fluid leak
Result from both: diarrhea

Question 24

In Clostridium difficile
Toxin A does….
Toxin B does……

Answer 24

toxin A (enterotoxin): PMN chemotaxis,
inhibits intestinal tight-junctions ► fluid leak
Ø toxin B (cytotoxin): actin depolymerization
► rounding of epithelial cells ► fluid leak
Result from both: diarrhea

Question 25

(enterotoxin): PMN chemotaxis, inhibits intestinal tight-junctions ► fluid leak What species

Answer 25

``` toxin A (enterotoxin): PMN chemotaxis, inhibits intestinal tight-junctions ► fluid leak C. Difficile ```

Question 26

zoonotic infection “woolsorter’s disease” | • Gram+ rods, facultative anaerobe

Answer 26

B. anthracis

Question 27

Toxin EF does what? | What species?

Answer 27

A = EF = adenylate cyclase ► cAMP | ► edema (like cholera toxin)

Question 28

Lethal Factor LF? | What Genus Species?

Answer 28

A = LF = metallo-protease ► MAP kinase ► death | B. Anthrax

Question 29

Toxic shock and Death?

Answer 29

Macrophage TNF alpha. Toxic shock and death 1-2days

Question 30

ulcers in mouth, esophagus -> edema + sepsis • Lethality if in lower intestines: 100%

Answer 30

B. Anthracis | intestinal anthrax

Question 31

Macrophage TNFcauses.......

Answer 31

Macrophage TNFcauses | toxic shock and death

Question 32

redness (inflammatory cytokines), edema (EdTx) with vascular (top) and vesicle (bottom) rupture. • Lethality: 20%

Answer 32

Skin anthrax: