Classification And Biodiversity 7 Flashcards
What does the term phylogenetic mean?
Reflecting evolutionary relatedness of organisms
How can phylogenetic relatedness be shown
In a tree diagram
How does a phylogenetic tree work?
Groups closely related organisms together. Those in the same group have a more recent common ancestor than those in other groups and of closely related they may show physical similarities.
What does LUCA stand for?
Last Universal Common Ansestor
How can classification be described?
A tentative nature so depending on current knowledge, can be changed as knowledge advance.
And hierarchical
Define taxonomy
The identification and naming of organisms
Define classification
Putting items into groups
Define hierarchy
A system of ranking in which small groups are nested components of larger groups
Define taxon
A group within a system of classification.
Bigger taxa contain smaller taxa. The smaller the taxa get the more related the organisms inside of it are.
What are the categories of hierarchical classification and the Limerick to remember it by.
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Dirty king penguins crap on french girls skirts
Give examples of domains.
Eukaryota, bacteria, archaea
Give examples of kingdoms.
Animalia, plantae, protoctista, fungi, prokaryota
Give examples of phylum
Chordata, invertebrate
Give examples of class
Mammal, fish, reptile, bird, insect
Why do we need a classification system?
Allows us to infer evolutionary relationships.
If a new animal is found we can predict it’s characteristics depending on similarities to known animals
Easier to count families than species.
What is a domain and what defines it?
It is the largest taxon and all living organisms fit into one of the three.
Defined by rRNA base sequences and DNA base sequence
What are the three domains? What could be found in each one?
Bacteria (e. Coli and salmonella)
Archaea (bacteria with unusual metabolism)
Eukaryota (plants animals fungi and protists)
What are the 5 kingdoms and which domain are they found in?
Prokaryota (found in bacteria and archaea)
Fungi, protoctista, plantae, animalia (found in eukaryota)
How do the 5 domains classify organisms
Depending on their physical appearance
How do the three domain systems and 5 kingdom system differ?
Three domain is further out to include more individuals
What is an extremophle?
An organism that lives in extreme environments.
ALL archaea domain
Temp, ph, pressure, salinity
What is a phylum?
Sub group if kingdom.
Organisms have distinct bodily plans:
-Annelida= soft bodied and segmented
-Arthropoda=chitin exoskeleton and jointed limbs
-Chordata=vertebrates with backbone and spinal chord
What is class?
Sub group of phylum
Mammalia is within the phylum Chordata and insects is with in the phylum Arthropoda
What are the features of prokaryota?
- single celled
- parasitic or autotrophic or saprotrophic
- example=e. Coli
- peptidoglycan cell wall
- no nucleus
- some have a mesosome
- some have photosynthetic lamellae
Features of protoctista
- single celled eukaryotes (mainly)
- no tissue differentiation
- autotrophic or heterotrophic
- example- amoeba or Spirogyra
- some have no cell wall
- some have cellulose cell wall
- nucleus and mitochondria
- endoplasmic reticulum
- some have vacuoles and choloroplasts
Features of plantae
- eukaryotes and multicellular
- autotrophic
- example-ferns moss and conifer
- cellulose cell wall
- nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- large central and permanent vacuoles
Features of fungi
- Eukaryotic but single celled
- hyphal
- saprotrophic or parasitic
- example- yeast cells or pellicininum
- chitin cell wall
- nucleus and mitochondria
- NO chloroplasts
- large central and permanent vacuole
Features of animalia
- heterotrophic
- multicellular eukaryotes
- example-sea anemone or golden lion
- no cell wall
- no chloroplasts
- lysosomes
Define homologous
The feature is inherited from a common ancestor. It has the same structure but a different function.
Define analogous
No close ancestor, the feature evolved separately.
Different structure but same function
Made by convergent evolution to become similar
Define pentadactyl
Having 5 digits
Define tetropod
4 limbs
Define convergent evolution
Independent evolution of similar features like body shape
Define divergent evolution
A common ancestral structure has evolved and performs different functions
Name 4 ways to asses the talatedness of organisms with genetic evidence
- DNA sequences
- DNA hybridisation
- amino acid sequences
- immunology
How does DNA sequence work
DNA undergoes changes during the course of evolution. The DNA of closely related species will be more similar in its base sequence than if it’s more distantly related organisms.
What is DNA hybridisation?
- DNA from a single species is heated near boiling point to separate the two strands. The more h bonds prenest the more energy needed to separate strands
- for two closely related species less heat is required to separate the two strands as there is fewer h bonds needed to be broken as not all bases will pair up so less energy needed
- even more distantly related species will need even less heat to separate the strands as even few based pair up.
Describe amino acid sequencing.
The sequence of amino acids is determined by the DNA sequence of bases.
The degree big similarity between the amino acid sequence of the same protein in a different species will reflect how closely related they are.
Describe the process of immunology.
Uses antigens of one species with the antibodies of another, measuring the quantity of precipitate formed.
The closer the evolutionary relationship, the more more precipitate formed
Define species.
A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
What are the two types of species?
Morphological and reproductive
Define morphological species
Do they look similar to each other and different to other species?
Define a reproductive species
Can they interbreed to produce fertile off spring. If they can’t the they different species
What is taxonomy and what does it allow us to do?
It is the identification and naming of organisms
- discover and describe biological diversity.
- investigate evolutionary relationships between organisms
- classify organisms to reflect evolutionary relationships
What is the binomial system?
The system of giving organisms a unique name with two parts: a genus and a species.
Advantages of binomial system
- unambiguous
- based on Latin(used worldwide)
- implies two species sharing part of their name is closely related.
Define biodiversity
The number of species and the number of individuals in each species in a specified region
What does the term biodiversity refer to?
- the number of species
- the number of organisms within the species
What can biodiversity depend on?
- high/low light intensity
- water
- warmth
- energy flow
Name three reasons biodiversity has changed over time
- succession
- natural selection
- human influence
Why is reduced biodiversity significant?
- Many animals and plants support human civilisation
- staple foods like wheat and rice
- medical drugs derived from plants and fungi
- living organisms provide important raw materials like rubber and cotton
What is the Simpson’s diversity index?
S= 1-(£n(n-1) / N(N-1)
£=sum of
n= total number of organisms of EACH species
N= total number organisms of ALL species
What is polymorphism?
The occurrence of more than one phenotype in a population that cannot be accounted for my mutation alone
What is a locus
The position of a gene on a chromosome.
What makes a gene polymorphic?
If it has more than two alleles
What does SNP stand for?
Single nucleotide polymorphism (single base difference)
What does HVR stand for?
Hyper variable region (regions of DNA 20-40 base sequences long)
What does STR stand for?
Short tandem repeats
If a population has many different SNP or HVR what does this cause in DNA fingerprints?
More differences in their DNA fingerprint indicating larger biodiversity.
What are the steps of natural selection?
- mutation causes differences in DNA
- variation
- competitive advantage
- survival of the fittest
- reproduction in most suited offspring
- passing on of advantageous alleles making them more suited to the environment.
What are the three types of adaptive traits?
- anatomical
- physiological
- behavioural
What are the steps in capture mark recapture
- capture and take organism sample count and Mark
- release and allow time for mixing
- second sample count total and count marked.
What is the Lincoln index formula?
Population size =
(Number sample 1 X number sample 2) / number marked 2nd sample
Define DNA profiling
Terms for a pattern unique for each individual related the the base sequence of their DNA
