Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-level Biology > Classification And Biodiversity 7 > Flashcards

Classification And Biodiversity 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the term phylogenetic mean?

A

Reflecting evolutionary relatedness of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can phylogenetic relatedness be shown

A

In a tree diagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does a phylogenetic tree work?

A

Groups closely related organisms together. Those in the same group have a more recent common ancestor than those in other groups and of closely related they may show physical similarities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does LUCA stand for?

A

Last Universal Common Ansestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can classification be described?

A

A tentative nature so depending on current knowledge, can be changed as knowledge advance.

And hierarchical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The identification and naming of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define classification

A

Putting items into groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define hierarchy

A

A system of ranking in which small groups are nested components of larger groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define taxon

A

A group within a system of classification.

Bigger taxa contain smaller taxa. The smaller the taxa get the more related the organisms inside of it are.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the categories of hierarchical classification and the Limerick to remember it by.

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Dirty king penguins crap on french girls skirts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give examples of domains.

A

Eukaryota, bacteria, archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give examples of kingdoms.

A

Animalia, plantae, protoctista, fungi, prokaryota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give examples of phylum

A

Chordata, invertebrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give examples of class

A

Mammal, fish, reptile, bird, insect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do we need a classification system?

A

Allows us to infer evolutionary relationships.

If a new animal is found we can predict it’s characteristics depending on similarities to known animals

Easier to count families than species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a domain and what defines it?

A

It is the largest taxon and all living organisms fit into one of the three.

Defined by rRNA base sequences and DNA base sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three domains? What could be found in each one?

A

Bacteria (e. Coli and salmonella)
Archaea (bacteria with unusual metabolism)
Eukaryota (plants animals fungi and protists)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms and which domain are they found in?

A

Prokaryota (found in bacteria and archaea)

Fungi, protoctista, plantae, animalia (found in eukaryota)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do the 5 domains classify organisms

A

Depending on their physical appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do the three domain systems and 5 kingdom system differ?

A

Three domain is further out to include more individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an extremophle?

A

An organism that lives in extreme environments.
ALL archaea domain
Temp, ph, pressure, salinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a phylum?

A

Sub group if kingdom.
Organisms have distinct bodily plans:
-Annelida= soft bodied and segmented
-Arthropoda=chitin exoskeleton and jointed limbs
-Chordata=vertebrates with backbone and spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is class?

A

Sub group of phylum

Mammalia is within the phylum Chordata and insects is with in the phylum Arthropoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the features of prokaryota?

A
  • single celled
  • parasitic or autotrophic or saprotrophic
  • example=e. Coli
  • peptidoglycan cell wall
  • no nucleus
  • some have a mesosome
  • some have photosynthetic lamellae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Features of protoctista

A
  • single celled eukaryotes (mainly)
  • no tissue differentiation
  • autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • example- amoeba or Spirogyra
  • some have no cell wall
  • some have cellulose cell wall
  • nucleus and mitochondria
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • some have vacuoles and choloroplasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Features of plantae

A
  • eukaryotes and multicellular
  • autotrophic
  • example-ferns moss and conifer
  • cellulose cell wall
  • nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • large central and permanent vacuoles
27
Q

Features of fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic but single celled
  • hyphal
  • saprotrophic or parasitic
  • example- yeast cells or pellicininum
  • chitin cell wall
  • nucleus and mitochondria
  • NO chloroplasts
  • large central and permanent vacuole
28
Q

Features of animalia

A
  • heterotrophic
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • example-sea anemone or golden lion
  • no cell wall
  • no chloroplasts
  • lysosomes
29
Q

Define homologous

A

The feature is inherited from a common ancestor. It has the same structure but a different function.

30
Q

Define analogous

A

No close ancestor, the feature evolved separately.
Different structure but same function
Made by convergent evolution to become similar

31
Q

Define pentadactyl

A

Having 5 digits

32
Q

Define tetropod

A

4 limbs

33
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar features like body shape

34
Q

Define divergent evolution

A

A common ancestral structure has evolved and performs different functions

35
Q

Name 4 ways to asses the talatedness of organisms with genetic evidence

A
  • DNA sequences
  • DNA hybridisation
  • amino acid sequences
  • immunology
36
Q

How does DNA sequence work

A

DNA undergoes changes during the course of evolution. The DNA of closely related species will be more similar in its base sequence than if it’s more distantly related organisms.

37
Q

What is DNA hybridisation?

A
  • DNA from a single species is heated near boiling point to separate the two strands. The more h bonds prenest the more energy needed to separate strands
  • for two closely related species less heat is required to separate the two strands as there is fewer h bonds needed to be broken as not all bases will pair up so less energy needed
  • even more distantly related species will need even less heat to separate the strands as even few based pair up.
38
Q

Describe amino acid sequencing.

A

The sequence of amino acids is determined by the DNA sequence of bases.
The degree big similarity between the amino acid sequence of the same protein in a different species will reflect how closely related they are.

39
Q

Describe the process of immunology.

A

Uses antigens of one species with the antibodies of another, measuring the quantity of precipitate formed.
The closer the evolutionary relationship, the more more precipitate formed

40
Q

Define species.

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

41
Q

What are the two types of species?

A

Morphological and reproductive

42
Q

Define morphological species

A

Do they look similar to each other and different to other species?

43
Q

Define a reproductive species

A

Can they interbreed to produce fertile off spring. If they can’t the they different species

44
Q

What is taxonomy and what does it allow us to do?

A

It is the identification and naming of organisms

  • discover and describe biological diversity.
  • investigate evolutionary relationships between organisms
  • classify organisms to reflect evolutionary relationships
45
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

The system of giving organisms a unique name with two parts: a genus and a species.

46
Q

Advantages of binomial system

A
  • unambiguous
  • based on Latin(used worldwide)
  • implies two species sharing part of their name is closely related.
47
Q

Define biodiversity

A

The number of species and the number of individuals in each species in a specified region

48
Q

What does the term biodiversity refer to?

A
  • the number of species

- the number of organisms within the species

49
Q

What can biodiversity depend on?

A
  • high/low light intensity
  • water
  • warmth
  • energy flow
50
Q

Name three reasons biodiversity has changed over time

A
  • succession
  • natural selection
  • human influence
51
Q

Why is reduced biodiversity significant?

A
  • Many animals and plants support human civilisation
  • staple foods like wheat and rice
  • medical drugs derived from plants and fungi
  • living organisms provide important raw materials like rubber and cotton
52
Q

What is the Simpson’s diversity index?

A

S= 1-(£n(n-1) / N(N-1)

£=sum of
n= total number of organisms of EACH species
N= total number organisms of ALL species

53
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

The occurrence of more than one phenotype in a population that cannot be accounted for my mutation alone

54
Q

What is a locus

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome.

55
Q

What makes a gene polymorphic?

A

If it has more than two alleles

56
Q

What does SNP stand for?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism (single base difference)

57
Q

What does HVR stand for?

A

Hyper variable region (regions of DNA 20-40 base sequences long)

58
Q

What does STR stand for?

A

Short tandem repeats

59
Q

If a population has many different SNP or HVR what does this cause in DNA fingerprints?

A

More differences in their DNA fingerprint indicating larger biodiversity.

60
Q

What are the steps of natural selection?

A
  • mutation causes differences in DNA
  • variation
  • competitive advantage
  • survival of the fittest
  • reproduction in most suited offspring
  • passing on of advantageous alleles making them more suited to the environment.
61
Q

What are the three types of adaptive traits?

A
  • anatomical
  • physiological
  • behavioural
62
Q

What are the steps in capture mark recapture

A
  • capture and take organism sample count and Mark
  • release and allow time for mixing
  • second sample count total and count marked.
63
Q

What is the Lincoln index formula?

A

Population size =

(Number sample 1 X number sample 2) / number marked 2nd sample

64
Q

Define DNA profiling

A

Terms for a pattern unique for each individual related the the base sequence of their DNA

A-level Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions