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A-level Biology > Adaptations For Transport (plants) > Flashcards

Adaptations For Transport (plants) Flashcards

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1
Q

Which type of plants only contain tracheids in the xylem?

A

Ferns

Conifers

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2
Q

Which type of plant has both trachieds and vessels?

A

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

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3
Q

Which type of plant has no water conducting tissue?

A

Moss

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4
Q

Is xylem tissue alive or dead once differentiation is complete?

A

Dead

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5
Q

What is the empty space inside the xylem vessel called?

A

The lumen

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6
Q

What has happened to end walls in the xylem cells once lignification builds up?

A

Broken down digested and reabsorbed

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7
Q

What are the vascular tissues for transport of minerals for plants?

A

Xylem and phloem

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8
Q

How can xylem and phloem be seen in a vascular bundle?

A

Adjacent to each other

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9
Q

Which three things make up a vascular bundle?

A

Cambium, phloem and xylem

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10
Q

What shape to xylem and phloem have in roots?

A

Xylem are Star shaped, found centrally with phloem between groups of xylem cells

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11
Q

How does the structure of roots prevent a plant from falling over?

A

It resists vertical stresses and anchors the plant to the soil

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12
Q

Name the features of a root

A 
Root hair cell
Epidermis
Cortex
Pericycle
Xylem
Phloem
Endodermis
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13
Q

What makes up a stele?

A

Pericycle
Xylem
Phloem
Endodermis

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14
Q

Name the structure of a stem of a plant

A 
Epidermis
Cambium
Pith
Xylem
Phloem
Cortex
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15
Q

What is the vascular bundle look like in a stem?

A

A ring in the periphery with xylem towards the centre and phloem towards the outside

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16
Q

How does the structure of the stem support the plant?

A

It resist spending and it’s for flexible support

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17
Q

How does water into the roots of the plant?

A

Inside the route there is a lower water potential than the soil so water enters the roots by osmosis down the water potential gradient

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18
Q

How will leave structured for flexible strength and resistance to tearing?

A

Vascular tissue is in the mid rib and in a network of veins

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19
Q

Describe how water passes through the apoplast pathway

A

Through the cell wall (Celulose)

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20
Q

Describe how water passes through the symplast pathway

A

Through the cytoplasm and the plasmodesmata

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21
Q

Describe the water passes through a vacuolar pathway

A

From vacuole to vacuole

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22
Q

Describe the function of the Casparian strip

A

It blocks the Apple plus pathway because it’s waterproof to ensure water always moves into the cell it forces water into the symplast pathway

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23
Q

Which pathway for water transport of the most important plants?

A

Apoplast pathway

24
Q

Describe the structure of the function of the endodermis

A

Surrounded by Suberin
Single layer of cells
Contains casparian strip
Water moves from endodermis to xylem

25
Q

How are minerals taken up by plants and how are they transported within the plant to the cells that require them?

A

Minerals are obtained by active transport. They move along the Apoplast pathway in solution, then they reach the endodermis forcing them to join symplast pathway due to the presence of the casparian strip which then allows minerals to diffuse/actively transported into the xylem

26
Q

Describe how xylem vessels are formed

A

Lignin builds up in the walls, contents die, lumen is formed forming an empty space, as tissue develops and walls break down, leaving a new along hollow tube. Lignin is formed a spiral pattern

27
Q

How is the cell wall strengthened?

A

Spirals of lignin

28
Q

What are the two functions of the xylem?

A

Transport of water and dissolved minerals

Providing mechanical strength and support

29
Q

What is the main force pulling water up the stem does this require energy?

A

Transpiration no energy is needed

30
Q

How does water move up the stem?

A

Water moves in by osmosis providing route pressure which pushes
Adhesion, what is sticks to the side of the vessels and H bonds in water
Cohesion, water molecules stick together and H bonds in water
Evaporation of water from leaf

31
Q

Why is oxygen important for plant roots?

A

So the cells can respired to produce ATP which will then be used for active transport of mineral ions

32
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water through a plant from the soil through the plant to the air

33
Q

Describe cohesion tension

A

Water vapour evaporates from the leaf cells into the air spaces and diffuses out of the leaf through the stomata into the atmosphere. This draws water across the leaf cells through the Apoplast symplast and vacuolar a pathways from the xylem. As water molecules leave the xylem they pull up of the water molecules from behind them in the xylem.Due to cohesion there is a continuous pull providing tension.

34
Q

What is cohesion in relation to water and plants?

A

Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonds

35
Q

How does adhesion contribute to the movement of water up the xylem?

A

Water is a charged molecule causing attraction to the hydrophilic lining of the vessels

36
Q

How does water moves a column up the xylem?

A

By a combination of adhesion of water molecules to hydrophilic side of the vessels and tension in the water column.

37
Q

What causes root pressure in plants?

A

It is caused by osmotic movement of water down the water potential gradient across the root and into the xylem base

38
Q

What is capillarity?

A

The movement of water up narrow tubes of the xylem by capillary action

39
Q

Give an example of a plant that uses capillarity

A

Moss

40
Q

In the transpiration stream what draws water upwards?

A

Cohesion of water molecules

Adhesive forces between water molecules and hydrophilic lining of the xylem vessels

41
Q

How has the xylem adapted for transport action of water?

A

Lack of self content
No end walls in individual xylem elements
lignified walls
Pits

42
Q

How does a lack of cell content aid transport of water in the xylem?

A

A larger empty volume bloom in so a larger amount of water can be drawn up the xylem

43
Q

How does having no end walls in individual xylem elements aid transport of water in the xylem?

A

A more direct flow from more efficient transport

44
Q

How does the xylem having lignified walls help the transport of water in the xylem?

A

Allows the cells to initially stretch and grow so water will enter the cells more easily then older cells fill spaces for more direct water flow and strength for tube walls

45
Q

How does the xylem having pits help water transport in the xylem ?

A

Allows sideways flow of water if one tube becomes blocked so water can continue to be transported around the plant

46
Q

What are the two main types of cell in the xylem?

A

Vessels

Tracheids

47
Q

Why don’t trachieds occur in mosses?

A

Because they have no water conducting tissue so therefore poor at transferring water so cannot grow as tall as other plants

48
Q

Where do you find vessel cells in the xylem

A

Only in angiosperm plants

49
Q

Describe a trachied

A

Cell wall contains lignin making it hard and strong and waterproof
Walls have gaps in called pits through which water travels
Spindle-shaped so water takes a twisting path up the plant

50
Q

Why do vessels have a more efficient uptake and tracheids?

A

Water moves straight up instead of an indirect path as in a tracheid

51
Q

Name the factors affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Temperature
Humidity
Air movement
Light intensity

52
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and transpiration rate?

A

The higher the temperature of the higher the rate of evaporation reducing water potential around the leaf

53
Q

As temperature increases why does water leave the plant?

A

And increase of temperature lowers the Water potential of the atmosphere
It increases the kinetic energy of water molecules, speeding up their evaporation rate from walls of me to feel cells and if stomata are open also increases rate of diffusion into the atmosphere

54
Q

What is the relationship between humidity and transpiration rate?

A

The higher the humidity the higher the water potential water vapour defuses down the gradient of relative humidity and water potential away from leaf

55
Q

What is the relative humidity inside a leaf

A

100% because it is saturated with water vapour

56
Q

What is the relative humidity of the atmosphere around the leaf

A

It constantly changes but will never be above 100%

57
Q

Describe how humidity encourages water to leave a leaf

A

There is a water potential gradient between the leaf and the atmosphere. So when is the stomata are open water vapour diffuses out of the lift down the water potential gradient.If there is still, saturatedLayer of air accumulates around the leaf water vapour gradually defuses away so humidity is lower the further away from the leaf you are

A-level Biology (13 decks)

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