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A-level Biology > Cells And Organelles 1.1 > Flashcards

Cells And Organelles 1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of microscope called?

A

Electron and light

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2
Q

How many eye piece units are there through the lens in the microscope?

A

100

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3
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = image size / real size

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4
Q

How many stage micrometer units (smu) on each 1mm line?

A

100 smu

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5
Q

How big is a stage micrometer unit (smu)?

A

0.01mm or 10um

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6
Q

How do you calibrate the microscope?

A

-line up the zero of the eyepiece and the zero of the stage micrometer.
- make sure the scales are parallel
Look at the scales and see where they are in line again.

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7
Q

Name all the organelles in an animal cell

A
  • nucleus (nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, chromatin)
  • cytoplasm
  • Golgi body
  • rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • lysosome
  • vesicles
  • cell surface membrane
  • centrioles
  • ribosomes
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8
Q

What type of cells are plant and animal cells?

A

Eukaryotic

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9
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

Site for certain stages of respiration

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10
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Controls passage of substances in and out of the cell

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Control cell activity and contain dna

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12
Q

What is the function of the microvilli?

A

To increase surface area of the cell surface membrane

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13
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Digest unwanted material in the cell.

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14
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

It’s the site of protein synthesis.

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15
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Secretion of protein to be used around the cell. Protein synthesis

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16
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

Packages and processes molecules

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17
Q

What is the function of the smooth er?

A

Synthesises lipids and steroids

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18
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • inner membrane folded into a Cristae
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane space
  • fluid filled matrix
  • 70s ribosomes
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19
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • connected to the nuclear envelope
  • double membrane
  • ribosomes stick on the outer membrane
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20
Q

Why is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Double membrane

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21
Q

What is the structure of a ribosome?

A

-Two subunits

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22
Q

Which types of cells would contain lots of mitochondria and why?

A
  • muscle and liver

- they need lots of energy to carry out processes this energy is supplied from mitochondria.

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23
Q

What is the structure of the golgi body?

A
  • stacks of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) of which are not connected.
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24
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A

Temporary vacuoles surrounded by a single membrane. It also contains digestive enzymes

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25
Q

What is the structure of the centrioles?

A

Two rings of microtubules perpendicular to each other.

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26
Q

What is he function of the centrioles?

A

Two=centrosomes

Durning cell division they make organise the microtubules that make the spindle.

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27
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Nucleoulus in the centre which contains dna which is surrounded by the chromatin. That is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which has nuclear pores. It is also attached to the rer

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28
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

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29
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplasts?

A
  • double membrane
  • Stroma (fluid filled and contains products of photosynthesis)
  • ribosomes and circular dna
  • thylakoids (closed sacs, contains photosynthetic pigments)
  • granum (stack of thylakoids)
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30
Q

Why do chloroplasts contain ribosomes and dna?

A

To produce some of their own proteins and self replicate.

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31
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A
  • Contain cell sap which stores chemicals glucose.

- major role in supporting soft plant tissues.

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32
Q

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A
  • fluid filled sac.

- tonoplast (the single membrane surrounding the vacuole)

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33
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • transport( the plasmodesmata makes the cell wall fully permeable to water and dissolved molecules.)
  • mechanical strength (the cellulose fibrils have a laminated arrangement making the wall strong )
  • communication between cells( plasmodesmata allow strands of cytoplasm pass through to the next cell aiding water transportation )
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34
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A
  • cellulose cell wall

- plasmodesmata

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35
Q

Which unique organic compound is found on the internal membranes of the chloroplasts?

A

Chlorophyll

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36
Q

What is the process of loosing a substance from the cell?

A

Exocytosis

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37
Q

What may eukaryotes have evolved from?

A

Prokaryotes

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38
Q

Describe the presence/life of a virus.

A

Viruses are NOT made of living cells and NOT classified as living organisms. They exist somewhere in between living and non living.

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39
Q

Why is an example of a prokaryote?

A

Bacterium.

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40
Q

What are the features of a prokaryote?

A
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • no endoplasmic reticulums
  • circular dna free in cytoplasm
  • ribosomes are smaller than in eukaryotes.
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41
Q

What features do all prokaryotes have?

A
  • dna loose in cytoplasm
  • peptoglycin cell wall
  • 70s ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
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42
Q

What features do only SOME prokaryotes have?

A
  • slime coat/capsule
  • flagella
  • photosynthetic lamellae
  • mesosome
  • plasmids
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43
Q

Give examples of eukaryotes

A

Animal cell

Plant cell

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44
Q

What is the main feature of a eukaryote?

A

Distinct membrane bound organelles

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45
Q

What are the parts of a virus?

A

Head
Dna
Midpiece
Tail fibre

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46
Q

Can a virus be seen brought a microscope?

A

No they are too small

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47
Q

Why word can be used to describe a virus?

A

Acellular

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48
Q

What is bacteriophage?

A

When viruses attack a bacteria

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49
Q

What are the 3 types of mammalian tissue?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Connective tissue

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50
Q

What are the three types of epithelial tissue?

A

Cuboidial epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Squamous epithelium

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51
Q

Describe the epithelial tissue

A
  • forms a continuous layer covering/lining surfaces of the body internally and externally
  • no blood vessels but may have nerve endings
  • all cells sit on a basement membrane made of collagen and protein
  • have a protection or secretory function
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52
Q

Describe the cuboidal epithelium

A
  • simplest form of epithelial tissue
  • cube shaped cell
  • tissue is one cell thick
  • cells sit on a basement membrane
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53
Q

Where can cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Kidney or salivary gland

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54
Q

Describe the columnar epithelium

A
  • elongated cells
  • line tubes of which substances move through.
  • cells sit on a basement membrane
  • ciliated
  • nucleus usually found at the base of the cell
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55
Q

Where can columnar epithelium tissue be found?

A

Fallopian tube, trachea

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56
Q

Describe the squamous epithelium?

A

-flattened cells on a basement membrane.

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57
Q

Where can squamous epithelium cells be found?

A

Forming the walls of the alveoli and bowman capsule.

58
Q

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • Attached to bones and generates locomotion in mammals
  • Bands of long cell fibres to give powerful contractions but tired easily.
  • voluntary muscles (choose to contract them)
59
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
60
Q

Where do you find skeletal muscle?

A

Attached to bones

61
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A
  • individual spindle shapes cells
  • contract rhythmically but less powerful than skeletal muscle
  • involuntary muscle (can’t choose to contract them)
62
Q

Where can skeletal muscle be found?

A
  • Skin
  • blood vessel walls
  • digestive and respiratory tracts
63
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • only found in the heart
  • lack long fibres but have stripes
  • contract rhythmically without stimulation from nerves or hormones
  • doesn’t tire
64
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Only the heart

65
Q

Describe connective tissue

A
  • connects, supports and separated organs and tissues.
  • contains elastic and collagen fibres in an extra cellular fluid or matrix
  • between fibres are fat storing cells and cells of the immune system.
66
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a function.

67
Q

What is a organ system?

A

A group of organs working together with a particular role.

68
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

A

Mucoproteins

69
Q

What is the definition of the plasmodesmata?

A

Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent plant cells.

70
Q

What are the two types of microscope called?

A

Electron and light

71
Q

How many eye piece units are there through the lens in the microscope?

A

100

72
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = image size / real size

73
Q

How many stage micrometer units (smu) on each 1mm line?

A

100 smu

74
Q

How big is a stage micrometer unit (smu)?

A

0.01mm or 10um

75
Q

How do you calibrate the microscope?

A

-line up the zero of the eyepiece and the zero of the stage micrometer.
- make sure the scales are parallel
Look at the scales and see where they are in line again.

76
Q

Name all the organelles in an animal cell

A
  • nucleus (nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, chromatin)
  • cytoplasm
  • Golgi body
  • rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • lysosome
  • vesicles
  • cell surface membrane
  • centrioles
  • ribosomes
77
Q

What type of cells are plant and animal cells?

A

Eukaryotic

78
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

Site for certain stages of respiration

79
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Controls passage of substances in and out of the cell

80
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Control cell activity and contain dna

81
Q

What is the function of the microvilli?

A

To increase surface area of the cell surface membrane

82
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Digest unwanted material in the cell.

83
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

It’s the site of protein synthesis.

84
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Secretion of protein to be used around the cell. Protein synthesis

85
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

Packages and processes molecules

86
Q

What is the function of the smooth er?

A

Synthesises lipids and steroids

87
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • inner membrane folded into a Cristae
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane space
  • fluid filled matrix
  • 70s ribosomes
88
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • connected to the nuclear envelope
  • double membrane
  • ribosomes stick on the outer membrane
89
Q

Why is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Double membrane

90
Q

What is the structure of a ribosome?

A

-Two subunits

91
Q

Which types of cells would contain lots of mitochondria and why?

A
  • muscle and liver

- they need lots of energy to carry out processes this energy is supplied from mitochondria.

92
Q

What is the structure of the golgi body?

A
  • stacks of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) of which are not connected.
93
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A

Temporary vacuoles surrounded by a single membrane. It also contains digestive enzymes

94
Q

What is the structure of the centrioles?

A

Two rings of microtubules perpendicular to each other.

95
Q

What is he function of the centrioles?

A

Two=centrosomes

Durning cell division they make organise the microtubules that make the spindle.

96
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Nucleoulus in the centre which contains dna which is surrounded by the chromatin. That is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which has nuclear pores. It is also attached to the rer

97
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

98
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplasts?

A
  • double membrane
  • Stroma (fluid filled and contains products of photosynthesis)
  • ribosomes and circular dna
  • thylakoids (closed sacs, contains photosynthetic pigments)
  • granum (stack of thylakoids)
99
Q

Why do chloroplasts contain ribosomes and dna?

A

To produce some of their own proteins and self replicate.

100
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A
  • Contain cell sap which stores chemicals glucose.

- major role in supporting soft plant tissues.

101
Q

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A
  • fluid filled sac.

- tonoplast (the single membrane surrounding the vacuole)

102
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • transport( the plasmodesmata makes the cell wall fully permeable to water and dissolved molecules.)
  • mechanical strength (the cellulose fibrils have a laminated arrangement making the wall strong )
  • communication between cells( plasmodesmata allow strands of cytoplasm pass through to the next cell aiding water transportation )
103
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A
  • cellulose cell wall

- plasmodesmata

104
Q

Which unique organic compound is found on the internal membranes of the chloroplasts?

A

Chlorophyll

105
Q

What is the process of loosing a substance from the cell?

A

Exocytosis

106
Q

What may eukaryotes have evolved from?

A

Prokaryotes

107
Q

Describe the presence/life of a virus.

A

Viruses are NOT made of living cells and NOT classified as living organisms. They exist somewhere in between living and non living.

108
Q

Why is an example of a prokaryote?

A

Bacterium.

109
Q

What are the features of a prokaryote?

A
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • no endoplasmic reticulums
  • circular dna free in cytoplasm
  • ribosomes are smaller than in eukaryotes.
110
Q

What features do all prokaryotes have?

A
  • dna loose in cytoplasm
  • peptoglycin cell wall
  • 70s ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
111
Q

What features do only SOME prokaryotes have?

A
  • slime coat/capsule
  • flagella
  • photosynthetic lamellae
  • mesosome
  • plasmids
112
Q

Give examples of eukaryotes

A

Animal cell

Plant cell

113
Q

What is the main feature of a eukaryote?

A

Distinct membrane bound organelles

114
Q

What are the parts of a virus?

A

Head
Dna
Midpiece
Tail fibre

115
Q

Can a virus be seen brought a microscope?

A

No they are too small

116
Q

Why word can be used to describe a virus?

A

Acellular

117
Q

What is bacteriophage?

A

When viruses attack a bacteria

118
Q

What are the 3 types of mammals Ian tissue?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Connective tissue

119
Q

What are the three types of epithelial tissue?

A

Cuboidial epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Squamous epithelium

120
Q

Describe the epithelial tissue

A
  • forms a continuous layer covering/lining surfaces of the body internally and externally
  • no blood vessels but may have nerve endings
  • all cells sit on a basement membrane made of collagen and protein
  • have a protection or secretory function
121
Q

Describe the cuboidal epithelium

A
  • simplest form of epithelial tissue
  • cube shaped cell
  • tissue is one cell thick
  • cells sit on a basement membrane
122
Q

Where can cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Kidney or salivary gland

123
Q

Describe the cuboidal epithelium

A
  • elongated cells
  • line tubes of which substances move through.
  • cells sit on a basement membrane
  • ciliated
  • nucleus usually found at the base of the cell
124
Q

Where can columnar epithelium tissue be found?

A

Fallopian tube, trachea

125
Q

Describe the squamous epithelium?

A

-flattened cells on a basement membrane.

126
Q

Where can squamous epithelium cells be found?

A

Forming the walls of the alveoli and bowman capsule.

127
Q

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • Attached to bones and generates locomotion in mammals
  • Bands of long cell fibres to give powerful contractions but tired easily.
  • voluntary muscles (choose to contract them)
128
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
129
Q

Where do you find skeletal muscle?

A

Attached to bones

130
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A
  • individual spindle shapes cells
  • contract rhythmically but less powerful than skeletal muscle
  • involuntary muscle (can’t choose to contract them)
131
Q

Where can skeletal muscle be found?

A
  • Skin
  • blood vessel walls
  • digestive and respiratory tracts
132
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • only found in the heart
  • lack long fibres but have stripes
  • contract rhythmically without stimulation from nerves or hormones
  • doesn’t tire
133
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Only the heart

134
Q

Describe connective tissue

A
  • connects, supports and separated organs and tissues.
  • contains elastic and collagen fibres in an extra cellular fluid or matrix
  • between fibres are fat storing cells and cells of the immune system.
135
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a function.

136
Q

What is a organ system?

A

A group of organs working together with a particular role.

137
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

A

Mucoproteins

138
Q

What is the definition of the plasmodesmata?

A

Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent plant cells.

139
Q

What is the function of the mesosome?

A

Site of respiration in prokaryotes and infolding of the cell membrane.

140
Q

What is the function of the slime coat in prokaryotes?

A

Protective layer.

141
Q

What increases the surface area in Prokaryotes?

A
  • Mesosome

- photosynthetic lamellae

A-level Biology (13 decks)

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