Cells And Organelles 1.1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two types of microscope called?
A
Electron and light
2
Q
How many eye piece units are there through the lens in the microscope?
A
100
3
Q
What is the formula for magnification?
A
Magnification = image size / real size
4
Q
How many stage micrometer units (smu) on each 1mm line?
A
100 smu
5
Q
How big is a stage micrometer unit (smu)?
A
0.01mm or 10um
6
Q
How do you calibrate the microscope?
A
-line up the zero of the eyepiece and the zero of the stage micrometer.
- make sure the scales are parallel
Look at the scales and see where they are in line again.
7
Q
Name all the organelles in an animal cell
A
- nucleus (nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, chromatin)
- cytoplasm
- Golgi body
- rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- lysosome
- vesicles
- cell surface membrane
- centrioles
- ribosomes
8
Q
What type of cells are plant and animal cells?
A
Eukaryotic
9
Q
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
A
Site for certain stages of respiration
10
Q
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
A
Controls passage of substances in and out of the cell
11
Q
What is the function of the nucleus?
A
Control cell activity and contain dna
12
Q
What is the function of the microvilli?
A
To increase surface area of the cell surface membrane
13
Q
What is the function of the lysosomes?
A
Digest unwanted material in the cell.
14
Q
What is the function of ribosomes?
A
It’s the site of protein synthesis.
15
Q
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A
Secretion of protein to be used around the cell. Protein synthesis
16
Q
What is the function of the Golgi body?
A
Packages and processes molecules
17
Q
What is the function of the smooth er?
A
Synthesises lipids and steroids
18
Q
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
A
- inner membrane folded into a Cristae
- outer membrane
- inner membrane space
- fluid filled matrix
- 70s ribosomes
19
Q
What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A
- connected to the nuclear envelope
- double membrane
- ribosomes stick on the outer membrane
20
Q
Why is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A
Double membrane
21
Q
What is the structure of a ribosome?
A
-Two subunits
22
Q
Which types of cells would contain lots of mitochondria and why?
A
- muscle and liver
- they need lots of energy to carry out processes this energy is supplied from mitochondria.
23
Q
What is the structure of the golgi body?
A
- stacks of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) of which are not connected.
24
Q
What is the structure of a lysosome?
A
Temporary vacuoles surrounded by a single membrane. It also contains digestive enzymes
25
What is the structure of the centrioles?
Two rings of microtubules perpendicular to each other.
26
What is he function of the centrioles?
Two=centrosomes
| Durning cell division they make organise the microtubules that make the spindle.
27
What is the structure of the nucleus?
Nucleoulus in the centre which contains dna which is surrounded by the chromatin. That is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which has nuclear pores. It is also attached to the rer
28
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis
29
What is the structure of the chloroplasts?
- double membrane
- Stroma (fluid filled and contains products of photosynthesis)
- ribosomes and circular dna
- thylakoids (closed sacs, contains photosynthetic pigments)
- granum (stack of thylakoids)
30
Why do chloroplasts contain ribosomes and dna?
To produce some of their own proteins and self replicate.
31
What is the function of the vacuole?
- Contain cell sap which stores chemicals glucose.
| - major role in supporting soft plant tissues.
32
What is the structure of the vacuole?
- fluid filled sac.
| - tonoplast (the single membrane surrounding the vacuole)
33
What is the function of the cell wall?
- transport( the plasmodesmata makes the cell wall fully permeable to water and dissolved molecules.)
- mechanical strength (the cellulose fibrils have a laminated arrangement making the wall strong )
- communication between cells( plasmodesmata allow strands of cytoplasm pass through to the next cell aiding water transportation )
34
What is the structure of the cell wall?
- cellulose cell wall
| - plasmodesmata
35
Which unique organic compound is found on the internal membranes of the chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll
36
What is the process of loosing a substance from the cell?
Exocytosis
37
What may eukaryotes have evolved from?
Prokaryotes
38
Describe the presence/life of a virus.
Viruses are NOT made of living cells and NOT classified as living organisms. They exist somewhere in between living and non living.
39
Why is an example of a prokaryote?
Bacterium.
40
What are the features of a prokaryote?
- no nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles
- no endoplasmic reticulums
- circular dna free in cytoplasm
- ribosomes are smaller than in eukaryotes.
41
What features do all prokaryotes have?
- dna loose in cytoplasm
- peptoglycin cell wall
- 70s ribosomes
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
42
What features do only SOME prokaryotes have?
- slime coat/capsule
- flagella
- photosynthetic lamellae
- mesosome
- plasmids
43
Give examples of eukaryotes
Animal cell
| Plant cell
44
What is the main feature of a eukaryote?
Distinct membrane bound organelles
45
What are the parts of a virus?
Head
Dna
Midpiece
Tail fibre
46
Can a virus be seen brought a microscope?
No they are too small
47
Why word can be used to describe a virus?
Acellular
48
What is bacteriophage?
When viruses attack a bacteria
49
What are the 3 types of mammalian tissue?
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective tissue
50
What are the three types of epithelial tissue?
Cuboidial epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Squamous epithelium
51
Describe the epithelial tissue
- forms a continuous layer covering/lining surfaces of the body internally and externally
- no blood vessels but may have nerve endings
- all cells sit on a basement membrane made of collagen and protein
- have a protection or secretory function
52
Describe the cuboidal epithelium
- simplest form of epithelial tissue
- cube shaped cell
- tissue is one cell thick
- cells sit on a basement membrane
53
Where can cuboidal epithelium be found?
Kidney or salivary gland
54
Describe the columnar epithelium
- elongated cells
- line tubes of which substances move through.
- cells sit on a basement membrane
- ciliated
- nucleus usually found at the base of the cell
55
Where can columnar epithelium tissue be found?
Fallopian tube, trachea
56
Describe the squamous epithelium?
-flattened cells on a basement membrane.
57
Where can squamous epithelium cells be found?
Forming the walls of the alveoli and bowman capsule.
58
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
- Attached to bones and generates locomotion in mammals
- Bands of long cell fibres to give powerful contractions but tired easily.
- voluntary muscles (choose to contract them)
59
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
60
Where do you find skeletal muscle?
Attached to bones
61
Describe smooth muscle tissue
- individual spindle shapes cells
- contract rhythmically but less powerful than skeletal muscle
- involuntary muscle (can’t choose to contract them)
62
Where can skeletal muscle be found?
- Skin
- blood vessel walls
- digestive and respiratory tracts
63
Describe cardiac muscle
- only found in the heart
- lack long fibres but have stripes
- contract rhythmically without stimulation from nerves or hormones
- doesn’t tire
64
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Only the heart
65
Describe connective tissue
- connects, supports and separated organs and tissues.
- contains elastic and collagen fibres in an extra cellular fluid or matrix
- between fibres are fat storing cells and cells of the immune system.
66
What is an organ?
A group of tissues working together to perform a function.
67
What is a organ system?
A group of organs working together with a particular role.
68
What is the bacterial cell wall made of?
Mucoproteins
69
What is the definition of the plasmodesmata?
Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent plant cells.
70
What are the two types of microscope called?
Electron and light
71
How many eye piece units are there through the lens in the microscope?
100
72
What is the formula for magnification?
Magnification = image size / real size
73
How many stage micrometer units (smu) on each 1mm line?
100 smu
74
How big is a stage micrometer unit (smu)?
0.01mm or 10um
75
How do you calibrate the microscope?
-line up the zero of the eyepiece and the zero of the stage micrometer.
- make sure the scales are parallel
Look at the scales and see where they are in line again.
76
Name all the organelles in an animal cell
- nucleus (nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, chromatin)
- cytoplasm
- Golgi body
- rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- lysosome
- vesicles
- cell surface membrane
- centrioles
- ribosomes
77
What type of cells are plant and animal cells?
Eukaryotic
78
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
Site for certain stages of respiration
79
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Controls passage of substances in and out of the cell
80
What is the function of the nucleus?
Control cell activity and contain dna
81
What is the function of the microvilli?
To increase surface area of the cell surface membrane
82
What is the function of the lysosomes?
Digest unwanted material in the cell.
83
What is the function of ribosomes?
It’s the site of protein synthesis.
84
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Secretion of protein to be used around the cell. Protein synthesis
85
What is the function of the Golgi body?
Packages and processes molecules
86
What is the function of the smooth er?
Synthesises lipids and steroids
87
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
- inner membrane folded into a Cristae
- outer membrane
- inner membrane space
- fluid filled matrix
- 70s ribosomes
88
What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
- connected to the nuclear envelope
- double membrane
- ribosomes stick on the outer membrane
89
Why is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Double membrane
90
What is the structure of a ribosome?
-Two subunits
91
Which types of cells would contain lots of mitochondria and why?
- muscle and liver
| - they need lots of energy to carry out processes this energy is supplied from mitochondria.
92
What is the structure of the golgi body?
- stacks of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) of which are not connected.
93
What is the structure of a lysosome?
Temporary vacuoles surrounded by a single membrane. It also contains digestive enzymes
94
What is the structure of the centrioles?
Two rings of microtubules perpendicular to each other.
95
What is he function of the centrioles?
Two=centrosomes
| Durning cell division they make organise the microtubules that make the spindle.
96
What is the structure of the nucleus?
Nucleoulus in the centre which contains dna which is surrounded by the chromatin. That is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which has nuclear pores. It is also attached to the rer
97
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis
98
What is the structure of the chloroplasts?
- double membrane
- Stroma (fluid filled and contains products of photosynthesis)
- ribosomes and circular dna
- thylakoids (closed sacs, contains photosynthetic pigments)
- granum (stack of thylakoids)
99
Why do chloroplasts contain ribosomes and dna?
To produce some of their own proteins and self replicate.
100
What is the function of the vacuole?
- Contain cell sap which stores chemicals glucose.
| - major role in supporting soft plant tissues.
101
What is the structure of the vacuole?
- fluid filled sac.
| - tonoplast (the single membrane surrounding the vacuole)
102
What is the function of the cell wall?
- transport( the plasmodesmata makes the cell wall fully permeable to water and dissolved molecules.)
- mechanical strength (the cellulose fibrils have a laminated arrangement making the wall strong )
- communication between cells( plasmodesmata allow strands of cytoplasm pass through to the next cell aiding water transportation )
103
What is the structure of the cell wall?
- cellulose cell wall
| - plasmodesmata
104
Which unique organic compound is found on the internal membranes of the chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll
105
What is the process of loosing a substance from the cell?
Exocytosis
106
What may eukaryotes have evolved from?
Prokaryotes
107
Describe the presence/life of a virus.
Viruses are NOT made of living cells and NOT classified as living organisms. They exist somewhere in between living and non living.
108
Why is an example of a prokaryote?
Bacterium.
109
What are the features of a prokaryote?
- no nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles
- no endoplasmic reticulums
- circular dna free in cytoplasm
- ribosomes are smaller than in eukaryotes.
110
What features do all prokaryotes have?
- dna loose in cytoplasm
- peptoglycin cell wall
- 70s ribosomes
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
111
What features do only SOME prokaryotes have?
- slime coat/capsule
- flagella
- photosynthetic lamellae
- mesosome
- plasmids
112
Give examples of eukaryotes
Animal cell
| Plant cell
113
What is the main feature of a eukaryote?
Distinct membrane bound organelles
114
What are the parts of a virus?
Head
Dna
Midpiece
Tail fibre
115
Can a virus be seen brought a microscope?
No they are too small
116
Why word can be used to describe a virus?
Acellular
117
What is bacteriophage?
When viruses attack a bacteria
118
What are the 3 types of mammals Ian tissue?
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective tissue
119
What are the three types of epithelial tissue?
Cuboidial epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Squamous epithelium
120
Describe the epithelial tissue
- forms a continuous layer covering/lining surfaces of the body internally and externally
- no blood vessels but may have nerve endings
- all cells sit on a basement membrane made of collagen and protein
- have a protection or secretory function
121
Describe the cuboidal epithelium
- simplest form of epithelial tissue
- cube shaped cell
- tissue is one cell thick
- cells sit on a basement membrane
122
Where can cuboidal epithelium be found?
Kidney or salivary gland
123
Describe the cuboidal epithelium
- elongated cells
- line tubes of which substances move through.
- cells sit on a basement membrane
- ciliated
- nucleus usually found at the base of the cell
124
Where can columnar epithelium tissue be found?
Fallopian tube, trachea
125
Describe the squamous epithelium?
-flattened cells on a basement membrane.
126
Where can squamous epithelium cells be found?
Forming the walls of the alveoli and bowman capsule.
127
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
- Attached to bones and generates locomotion in mammals
- Bands of long cell fibres to give powerful contractions but tired easily.
- voluntary muscles (choose to contract them)
128
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
129
Where do you find skeletal muscle?
Attached to bones
130
Describe smooth muscle tissue
- individual spindle shapes cells
- contract rhythmically but less powerful than skeletal muscle
- involuntary muscle (can’t choose to contract them)
131
Where can skeletal muscle be found?
- Skin
- blood vessel walls
- digestive and respiratory tracts
132
Describe cardiac muscle
- only found in the heart
- lack long fibres but have stripes
- contract rhythmically without stimulation from nerves or hormones
- doesn’t tire
133
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Only the heart
134
Describe connective tissue
- connects, supports and separated organs and tissues.
- contains elastic and collagen fibres in an extra cellular fluid or matrix
- between fibres are fat storing cells and cells of the immune system.
135
What is an organ?
A group of tissues working together to perform a function.
136
What is a organ system?
A group of organs working together with a particular role.
137
What is the bacterial cell wall made of?
Mucoproteins
138
What is the definition of the plasmodesmata?
Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent plant cells.
139
What is the function of the mesosome?
Site of respiration in prokaryotes and infolding of the cell membrane.
140
What is the function of the slime coat in prokaryotes?
Protective layer.
141
What increases the surface area in Prokaryotes?
- Mesosome
| - photosynthetic lamellae
