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A-level Biology > Classification And Biodiversity > Flashcards

Classification And Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we classify organisms?

A

Convenient
Makes studying them more manageable
Easier identification
See relationships between species

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2
Q

What is the hierarchy of classifying organisms?

A 
Domain
Kingdon
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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3
Q

What biological molecules are used for classification?

A

Some molecules are found in all living things

Cytochrome C (type of protein)

DNA (universal)

The more differences found between the molecules the less closely related the species

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4
Q

What features of an organism are used to classify their phylogeny and see their relationships with other species?

A

Phylogenetically look at the species- a group of individual organisms that appear very similar in their appearance, physiology, biochemistry and genetics

Appearance and anatomy

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5
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Study of relationships between species

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6
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

Used to view common ancestors between species or organisms

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7
Q

Give three comparisons of genetic diversity that scientists used to generate a classification

A

The base sequence of DNA

The sequence of mRNA

The amino acid sequence (of proteins)

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8
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryotae

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Protoctista

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9
Q

What are prokaryotae?

And give some characteristics of them.

A

Free living organisms or parasites

Characteristics:
No nucleus
Loop of DNA
No Histone proteins
No membrane bound organelles
Smaller ribosomes
Smaller cells
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10
Q

What are fungi and give some characteristics

A 
Eukaryotic
Single felled
Chitin cell wall
Multinuclear
Free living and saprotrophic
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11
Q

What are plantae and give some characteristics

A

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Cellulose cell wall

Autotrophs

Chlorophyll

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12
Q

What are animalia and give some characteristics

A

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

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13
Q

What are protoctista and give some characteristics

A

Eukaryotic

Mostly feee living

Plant / animal like

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14
Q

What is species richness?

A

Number of different species in a habitat

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15
Q

What is species evenness?

A

How well the species is spread out

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16
Q

What is the diversity index?

A

Tells us the diversity of a habitat (number of different species)

17
Q

How do you calculate the diversity index?

A

D = N(N-1) / SUM n(n-1)

n - number of particular species or % cover of plants

N - total number of all individuals of all species or total % cover of all plants

18
Q

How do you calculate genetic diversity?

A

Genetic diversity = loci with more than 1 allele / total loci X 100

19
Q

Why is it important into maintain biodiversity?

A

For the interdependence of organisms (food webs)

Keystone species

Genetic resource:
Source of medicines

Economic reasons:
Regular of atmosphere 
Water purification
Soil fertility 
Crop pollination 
Food fuel timber
20
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

A species which has a disproportionate effect on their environment relative to the abundance

21
Q

What factors affect biodiversity?

A 
Human population growth:
Destroying habitats
Pollution
Depletion of resources
Altering ecosystems

Agriculture:
Monoculture
Selective breeding

Climate change:
Less able to adapt to rapid changes in rainfall and temperature

Extinction

22
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences between individuals

23
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

Variation within a species ( genetic diversity)

24
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

Variation between different species

25
Q

What is continuous data?

A

Data which occurs between two extremes

Eg height

26
Q

What is discontinuous data?

A

Data which is categorical

Eg blood groups

27
Q

What are some causes for variation?

A

Environmental changes or affects

Genetic mutations

Random fertilisation

Adaptation

Exposure to sunlight

28
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

An variation which helps an organism to survive

29
Q

What are some behavioural adaptations?

A

Mating rituals
Curling of leaves
Migration

30
Q

What are some physiological/biochemical adaptations?

A

Lignified cells
Turgidity
Low water potential of cells

31
Q

When do you use standard deviation and how do you calculate it?

A

Measure to find variation away from the mean

S = root [SUM( x - mean)^2 / n-1]

X - an individual value
Mean - mean value
n - number of data points
S - the standard deviation

32
Q

When do you use the student t test?

A

When comparing between two means

33
Q

When do you use spearmans rank correlation?

A

When comparing 2 variables and their relationship to one another

34
Q

What does a large rs value mean when it is greater than the critical value?

A

Rs > CV then there is a significant correlation and the null hypothesis can be rejected

35
Q

What is the impact of agriculture

A

Overall reduction in biodiversity

Monocultures only have one strain of crop and therefore reduce biodiversity

Selective breeding of crops and organisms to obtain a desired organisms.
The majority of the land is then taken up by this organism and hence there is a smaller area for other species. Therefore increased competition for a smaller space so more species die.

36
Q

What agricultural techniques reduce biodiversity?

A

Removal of hedge rows and grubbing out woodland

Monocultures

Filing in ponds and marsh

Over grazing of the land

Use of pesticides and inorganic fertilisers

Absence of crop rotation

37
Q

What management techniques are used to increase species and habitat diversity?

A

Plant hedges instead of fences

Maintain existing ponds

Plant native trees in areas with low species diversity

Use organic fertilisers

Use crop rotation

Use intercropping and not herbicides

A-level Biology (23 decks)

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