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a-level biology > Cell structure and studying cells > Flashcards

Cell structure and studying cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

A

Structure:
Double membrane
Nuclear envelope
DNA packaged in histone proteins

Function:
Control centre of the cell
Contains the genetic information

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2
Q

What is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Structure:
Highly folded cisternae
Stubbed with ribosomes

Function:
Protein synthesis

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3
Q

What is the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Structure:
Highly folded cisternae

Function:
Lipid synthesis

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4
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Structure:
Membrane flattened sacs folded on top of one another

Functions:
Modified sorts and packages proteins

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?

A 
Structure:
Double membrane
Cristae folding of the inner membrane
Matrix
Self replicating
Own DNA

function:
Power house of the cell
Produces ATP via aerobic respiration

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of lysosomes?

A

Structure:
Phospholipids in a bilayer ( micells)

Function:
Contain hydrologic enzymes
Compartmentalise enzymes
Recycling 
Phagocytosis
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7
Q

What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?

A 
Structure:
Double membrane
Stroma
Thylakoids (granum)
Own loop of DNA
Chlorophyll

function:
Photosynthesis

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8
Q

What is the structure and function of cilia and undulipodia?

A

Structure:
Microtubules
Centrioles

Function:
Moving mucus
Receptors

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9
Q

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

A

Structure:
rRNA
Ribosomal proteins
Two separate sub units

Function:
Protein synthesis
Translation

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10
Q

What are the structures and function of centrioles?

A

Structure:
Bundles of microtubules

Function:
Cell division (mitotic spindle)
Formation of cilia and undulipodia

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Structure:
Microfilaments
Proteins

Function:
Support
Mechanical strength
Cell-cell communication

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12
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell wall?

A

Structure:
Bundles of cellulose
Fungi have chitin cell walls

Function:
Strength and support
Permeable
Prevents cells from bursting

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13
Q

What are the properties of eukaryotic cells?

A

Discrete membrane bound organelles
Larger ribosomes
Larger cells
Divide by mitosis

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14
Q

What are the properties of prokaryotic cells?

A 
No membrane bound organelles
Waxy capsule
Cell walls
Smaller ribosomes
Plasmids
Flagella
Divide by binary fission
Small microorganisms
Smaller cells
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15
Q

What are the properties of viruses?

A

Acellular
Non-living particles
Nucleic acids
Capsid

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16
Q

What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA / RNA
Ribosomes

17
Q

How do you prepared cells for cell fractionation?

A

Cold - reduce enzyme activity

Buffered - prevents pH changing

Isotonic - prevents osmosis in or out of cells

18
Q

What is homogenisation?

A

Cells are broken up by a homogeniser and filtered to remove all the large cell components

19
Q

What are the steps in ultracentrifugation?

A
  1. Spun at slow speeds
    Organelles are passed to the bottom of he tube by centrifugal force
    Faster its spin the greater the centrifugal force
    The heavier organelles require less force to push them out

Heavier organelles are removed first

  1. Supernatant is removed and re centrifuges at a higher speed
  2. Process repeats until the smallest organelles are removed
20
Q

Why is ultracentrifugation important?

A

Enables scientists to study the function of isolated cell components

21
Q

What is magnification?

A

How much bigger an image appears compared to the original object

22
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability of an optical instrument to distinguish between 2 points

23
Q

How do optical microscopes work?

A

Use light wavelengths but have a lower magnification and resolution

24
Q

What are the benefits of optical microscopes?

A 
See in colour
Can view live specimens
Cheap 
Easy to use
Portable
25
Q

What are scanning electron microscopes?

A

Electrons deflect of metal film to the specimen

Specimens are chemically fixed

Produce 3D images

26
Q

What are transmission electron microscopes?

A

Electrons are passed through the specimen

2D images are produced

27
Q

What are the benefits and draw backs of electron microscopes?

A

Benefits:
High resolution and magnification
SEM produces 3D images

Drawbacks:
Only view dead specimens
Specimens have to be Chemically fixed
Expensive 
Not portable
Black and white
28
Q

How are slides prepare for microscopy?

A

Dehydration
Embedding in wax
Sectioning
Staining

29
Q

How do you calculate image size?

A

Image = actual size / maganification

a-level biology (23 decks)

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