Classical Civilizations Flashcards
Most early civilizations emerged along?
Fertile River Valleys
Some of the earliest civilizations on earth derive from?
Mesopotamia
The fertile crescent is located between?
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Egyptian civilization arose along what river?
The Nile River
Chinese civilizations arose amongst what river?
Yellow River
Why were the regions ripe places for civilizations to arise?
Rivers fed area with water
Ideal for farming
Why did farming lead to civilization?
Examples?
Farming meant people stayed in one place
- instead of nomadic hunting and gathering
*** they can stay in one place for longer periods of time, thus creating great structures (ex. Great Wall of China / Pyramids)
What is specialization in farming or agrarian based society?
One family can grow all the food for people
Another family can be:
Blacksmiths
Politicians
Artists
Bureaucrats
In hunting and gathering tribes, what are the roles?
Everyone’s jobs are based off of some part of hunting and gathering
Transitioning from hunting and gathering to farming was known as what?
Neolithic revolution / birth of civilization
Ex.
Mesopotamia
Egypt
China
Mesopotamia is located in modern-day?
Iraq (Middle East)
Mesopotamia (just a region)
Why was Mesopotamia subject to numerous invasions over the course of its existence in the ancient world?
Flat, open geography
Obvious land value
** easy to invade from all different directions **
- difficult to defend
Because of the ease to invade the region, which saw many different powers constantly taking over and retaking over?
Mesopotamia
What were important civilizations in Mesopotamia?
- Sumer
- Babylon
- Hittites
- New Babylon - taken over by Chaldeans
- Persia
- Phoenicians
- Assyrians
When did Egyptian Civilization under the Dynastic Period last?
Where?
From 3100 - 500 BC
Around the fertile Nile River Valley
Before the Dynastic Period 3100-500 BC in Egypt, we had the ?
5000-3100 BC
Pre-dynastic
Proto-dynastic
What were dynasties in Egypt?
Periods of Unity
Rule of the region of Egypt
What is Egypt known as?
The gift of the Nile
Without the irrigation and farming from the Nile, why would it be difficult to live in Egypt?
It is an arid desert
The Nile had very regular and predictable?
Floods - Egypt (Northern Africa)
Why were the predictable floods of the Nile helpful to the Egyptians?
What could they do with their other time?
They could plan their farming around it
*Other times of years they could be building
Why was the Nile helpful in transportation?
- The Nile flows South to North.
- You can sail the typical North to South wind
- You could ride the current of the Nile back North
*** Thus transporting goods & people
Explain why Egypt had very defensible borders
North - Mediterranean Sea
East - Red Sea
South & West - Sahara Desert (difficult to cross)
Led to long periods of political rule and stability
If you could not attack Egypt by sea, what would be the next best place to attack?
Along the isthmus of Sinai
- narrow strip of land
- Egyptians can all station their troops along this front
Egyptian life centered around serving?
Pharaoh - considered a living god
The symbol of eternal life in Egypt is?
Ankh
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Who was Horus? (Egypt)
Falcon-god
Sometimes portrayed with a human body and falcon head
Who were some other important gods in Egypt to know?
Rah - the sun god
Anubis - the god of the dead
Osiris
Seth
What do Egyptians believe the disk in the sun is?
The sun disk was called Aton / Aten
When was Egypt monotheistic (believing in one god)?
Akhenaten believed they should only worship the sun disk god
Aton / Aten
*** after the death Akhenaten they went back to polytheism and all of their gods
Who was written out of the lineage of the Pharaohs?
Akhenaten - for creating monotheism toward the sun disk god Aton / Aten
What drove Egyptians to build pyramids?
- Belief in afterlife
- Wanting to mummify their dead
- Built mammoth pyramids to house them
Explain mummification
- Drain blood
- Embalm with fluids to preserve body
- Wrap it
- Thought Pharaoh / servants would need their body in the after life
- Thought they needed food / possessions
What did the Egyptians believe the pyramid served as?
A place for Pharaoh to live in the afterlife
With the pyramids there was amazing monumental achievements?
Architecture
Building
Engineering
Some argue that pyramids were built?
From the inside to the outside
- Constantly creating newer pyramids on top of the old
Also, another theory
- They found chambers which could have Used counterweights to get blocks up
How long ago is it estimated that pyramids were built?
Around 5,000 years old
One of the seven wonders of the ancient world is?
The pyramids at Giza
The largest pyramid there was built for Pharoah Khufu
Egyptians made huge advancements in what areas?
- Mathematics
- Medicine
- Hieroglyphics - with Sumer
What is hieroglyphics?
Picture-writing form
Logographic - symbols represented ideas
China history alternates between periods of?
Unity - called dynasties
Also periods of disunity
What does periods of unity mean?
Rule by a single family
- in secession
Invaders of China?
Assimilated into the Chinese Han population
did not overtake but conformed
What does Buddhism emphasize?
The middle path
The release of all cares as a route to nirvana
What is the middle path (Buddhism)?
Process of self-denial Not going after possessions Not being greedy Simple life No excess
Who created Buddhism?
Siddhartha Gautama - prince