classical and operant conditioning Flashcards
classical conditioning?
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipates events. this type of “Learning” helps animals and humans adapt to the environments and avoid danger.
who discovered classical conditioning?
accidentally Ivan Pavlov discovered this type of “learning”. for example he studied digestion and noticed that dogs salivated at the sight/ smell of food.
Acquisition of classical conditioned response?
happens gradually, with ease pairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US), the conditioned response (CR) is strengthened.
when did Pavlov find classical conditioning most effective?
when the conditioned stimulus was presented just before.
before conditioning the bell was neutral, and the food was the unconditioned stimulus
after the bell was the conditioned stimulus and the food was the conditioned response.
BF Skinner?
invented of the entire system based upon operant conditioning.
operant conditioning?
(learning which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence.) this special stimulus has the effect of increasing the operant, the behaviour occurring just before the reinforcer.
extinction of the operant behaviour?
the gradual disappearance of a conditioned stimulus is repeated when conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
continuous reinforcement?
the original situation- when the rat does behaviour (scubas pushing a pedal). he gets a goodie. (giving a kindergarten a sticker for good behaviour)
the fixed radio schedule?
the first one Skinner discovered. if the rat presses the pedal three times, say, he gets a goodie or five times. there is a fixed radio between behaviours and reinforcers.
the fixed interval schedule?
uses a timing device of some sort. the rat presses the bar at least once during a particular stretch of time (20 seconds per-say), then gets a goodie. if he fails, he doesn’t get a goodie. even if he hits the bar 100s of time during the 20 seconds he only get 1 treat. the 1st tends to pace himself slowing down the rate of behaviour right after the reinforcer, and speed up the time for it gets close.
shaping/ the method of successive approximations?
involves first reinforcing a behaviour only vaguely similar in one desire. once established, look out for variations that come a little closer to what you want, and so on, until you have the animal preforming the behaviour that would never show up in ordinary life.
aversive stimulus?
process of influencing behaviour by means unpleasant stimuli. a behaviour followed by an aversive stimulus results in a decreased probability of the behaviour occurring in there future. conditioning known as a punishment. if you spank Johnny for throwing his toy he may throw his toys less and less. (giving a time for bad behaviour)
behaviour modification?
often referred to as B-MOD, is the therapy technique based on skinners work. extinguish an undesirable behaviour (by removing the reinforcer) and replace it with a desirable behaviour by reinforcement. its been used on all kinds of psychological problems, addiction, autism, neuroses, shyness, schizophrenia. (raising you hand)
systematic desensitization?
invented by behaviourist Joesph Wolpe. in this invention a person say with a fear of spiders would be asked to come up with ten scenarios involving spiders and panic of one degree or another. the first would be mild seeing a spider from through a window. second would be a bit worse and so on until the tech scenario involved something totally terrifying, say a tarantula crawling on your face while your driving. after practicing for a few days while your therapist goes over the steps while keeping you completely relaxed until you don’t tense up when going through those same scenarios.
negative reinforcement?
increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when response occurs.
