classical and operant conditioning Flashcards
what is operant conditioning?
three-phase behaviourist approach to learning that is voluntary where the likelihood of a behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences. Antecedent - Behaviour - Consequences
what is the antecedent?
what initiates, stimulates or triggers a behaviour e.g parental pressure for good grades
what is the behaviour?
the actual response of acting upon their environment e.g studying hard
what is the consequence?
what shapes or guides future behaviour, or the likelihood of that behaviour occurring again
what is positive reinforcement?
the addition of a positive stimulus e.g money, sticker
what is positive punishment?
the addition of an undesirable stimulus e.g detention
what is negative reinforcement?
the removal of an undesirable stimulus e.g being let off chores for getting a good grade
what is negative punishment?
the removal of a desirable stimulus e.g taking phone
what is classical conditioning
three-phase behaviourist approach to learning which involves involuntary association of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response.
what is observational learning?
a socio-cognitive approach to learning where an individual observes another persons actions and consequences to guide their own future behaviour.
what are the five stages of observational learning?
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement
what is attention?
the learner actively watching and concentrating on the model
what is retention?
the learner stores mental representation of behaviour
what is reproduction?
the learner has the mental and physical ability to perform a behaviour
what is motivation?
environmental stimuli makes learner want to perform a behaviour
what is reinforcement?
positive outcome makes the learner more likely to repeat the behaviour when motivated to again
factors which make it more likely that the behaviour is modelled
- similar to us (age, gender)
- high status (celebrity)
- someone we admire (parents)
- familiar to us
what is the neutral stimulus?
does not elicit a naturally occurring response e.g dogs don’t salivate to a bell
what is the unconditioned stimulus?
a stimulus that elicits an automatic response without learning e.g dog salivates to food
what is the unconditioned response?
an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus e.g salivation to food
what is the conditioned stimulus?
a stimulus that produces a conditioned response after learning. the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. e.g the bell becomes the conditioned stimulus once learning has taken place
what is the conditioned response?
a response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus after learning e.g salivation to the bell
similarities between classical and operant conditioning?
both behaviourist approaches, both are three-phase processes
differences between classical and operant conditioning?
- operant conditioning is learning a voluntary behaviour, whereas classical conditioning is involuntary.
- operant conditioning is active learning, classical conditioning is passive learning.
- operant conditioning requires a consequence
what are the types of reinforcement for observational learning?
self-reinforcement, external reinforcement and vicarious reinforcement.
what is self reinforcement?
behaviour is reinforced through internal factors within the individual e.g feeling proud
what is external reinforcement?
behaviour is reinforced through external factors like receiving an award
what is vicarious reinforcement?
behaviour is reinforced by observing the reinforcement of another individual performing the same behaviour.
