Class Ten Flashcards
1
Q
skeletal muscle is..
A
voluntary muscle
2
Q
skeletal and cardiac muscle are..
A
striated muscle
3
Q
three different types of muscle
A
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
4
Q
what do tendons attach
A
muscle to bone
5
Q
abducting vs adducting
A
abducting - moving away from body
adducting - moving towards the body
6
Q
antagonistic muscles
A
muscles that are responsible for movement in opposite directions
7
Q
synergistic muscles
A
muscles that move a joint in the same direction
8
Q
single skeletal muscle cell
A
individual muscle fibers
9
Q
cell membrane of a myofiber
A
sarcolemma
10
Q
what do myofibrils do
A
generates contractile force of skeletal muscle
make up the myofibers
11
Q
proteins in myofibril that generates contraction
A
actin and myosin
12
Q
actin forms..
A
thin filaments
13
Q
myosin forms..
A
thick filaments
14
Q
what makes up myofibrils
A
sacromeres
15
Q
what are sacromeres bound by
A
two Z lines
16
Q
regions of a sarcomere only composed of thin filaments
A
I bands
17
Q
full length of the thick filament is..
A
the A band
18
Q
region composed of only thick filaments
A
H zone
19
Q
what causes contraction
A
thin and thick filaments sliding across each other + bringing the Z lines closer together
20
Q
what powers filament sliding
A
ATP hydrolysis
21
Q
describe the process of the contractile cycle
A
myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin (cross bridge formation)
myosin head pulls on actin chain (power stroke, ADP is released)
actin is released by the myosin head by binding of a new ATP molecule
22
Q
what needs to be present for contraction to occur
A
calcium
23
Q
troponin-tropomyosin complex
A
prevents contraction when calcium is not present
24
Q
what is tropomyosin
A
protein that blocks myosin binding sites (head can’t bind)
25
what is troponin
protein that is bound to tropomyosin that can bind calcium
26
what happens when troponin binds to calcium
troponin changes shape which moves tropomyosin out of the way so the myosin head can bind
27
what is a neuromuscular junction
synapses between an axon terminus and a myofiber
28
what neurotransmitter is used at the NMJ
ACh
29
purpose of t tubules
deep invaginations of the cell membrane → allows AP to travel into the thick cell
30
purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium ions and releases them into the sarcoplasm on the generation of action potential during muscle contraction
31
what is rigor mortis
rigidity of skeletal muscles which occurs after death → complete ATP exhaustion
32
what causes cramps
temporary lack of ATP
33
slow vs fast twitch fibers
depends on their contractile speeds
34
type 1 slow twitch fibers
aka red slow twitch → high myoglobin content
have good oxygen content & can maintain contraction for a long time
e.g. useful for marathons
35
type IIA fast twitch fibers
contract quickly and somewhat resistant to fatigue
have more mitochondria than type IIB
36
type IIB fast twitch fibers
aka white fast twitch fibers → lack of mitochondria
contract quickly with great force
fatigue very, very quickly
37
functions of the skeletal system
support the body
framework for movement
protect vital organs
store calcium
synthesize formed elements of blood
38
hematopoiesis
creation of formed elements in the blood
occurs in the marrow of the flat bones
39
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column and rib cage
40
connective tissue cells are derived from..
the fibroblast
41
what cells are derived from fibroblasts (3)
adipocytes, chondrocytes & osteocytes
42
dense vs loose connective tissue
dense - tissues that have a lot of fibers (e.g. collagen)
loose - packing tissue and fat tissue
43
two bone shapes
flat and long
44
location of hematopoiesis
flat bones
45
main shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
46
flared end of a long bone
epiphysis
47
diaphysis of a long bone is composed of..
compact bone
48
bone can either be..
compact or spongy
49
where is bone marrow found
shafts of long bones and pores of spongy bone
50
where is red marrow found
spongy bone in flat bones
51
where is yellow marrow found
shafts of long bones → filled with fat
52
2 main ingredients of bone
collagen and hydroxyapatite
53
what is hydroxyapatite
solid material consisting of calcium phosphate crystals
54
what secretes cartilage
chondrocytes
55
3 types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic and fibrous
56
hyaline cartilage
strong and somewhat flexible
found at the larynx and trachea
57
elastic cartilage
very flexible
found in outer ear and epiglottis
58
fibrous cartilage
very rigid
found at the pubic symphysis
59
what do ligaments connect
bone to bone
60
synarthroses
immovable joints
61
amphiarthroses
provide movability and support
62
diarthroses
freely movable joints
63
what lubricates movable joints
synovial fluid
64
surfaces of 2 bones in a joint are lined by..
articular cartilage (type of hyaline cartilage)
65
arthritis
inflammation of joints
66
most bone growth occurs by..
endochondral ossification
67
endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage is produced and then replaced by bone
68
intramembranous ossification
synthesis of bone from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme
69
intramembranous ossification results in..
flat bones
70
epiphyseal plate is composed of..
hyaline cartilage
71
osteoblasts
cells that make bone by laying down collagen and hydroxyapatite
72
osteoblasts become..
osteocytes
73
osteoclasts
destroy bone by dissolving the hydroxyapatite crystals
74
what does parathyroid hormone do → bones
stimulates osteoclast activity its
increases reabsorption of calcium
75
what does calcitriol do → bones
may stimulate osteoclast activity → minor effect
76
what does calcitonin do → bones
inhibits osteoclast activity
decreases reabsorption of calcium
77
what is a myofibril
string of sacromeres
78
what is a fascicle
group of muscle cells
79
unit of muscle contraction
sarcomere
80
what happens if theres no ATP - muscle contraction
myosin can't release actin
81
what fills up the medullary cavity
yellow marrow
82
what is ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
83
what is respiration
exchange of gases
84
part of the respiratory system that participates in only ventilation
conduction zone
85
part of the respiratory system that participates in gas exchange
respiratory zone
86
what is hyperventilation
too much breathing
87
what does hyperventilation cause
respiratory alkalosis
88
what is hypoventilation
too little breathing
89
what does hypoventilation cause
respiratory acidosis
90
purpose of the mucociliary escalator
protects from harmful inhaled particles
91
purpose of surfactant
reduces surface tension
92
epithelial cells that secrete surfactant
type 2 alveolar cells
93
pressure in the pleural space is..
negative
94
what is the pleural space
space in-between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
95
what muscles contract during inspiration (2)
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
96
muscles involved in forced expiration
contraction of abdominal muscles
97
spirometry
measurement of the volume of air entering or exiting the lungs
98
tidal volume
amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in normal breathing
99
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be expired after a passive resting expiration
100
inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be inspired after a relaxed inspiration
101
functional residual capacity
volume of air left in the lungs after a resting expiration
102
inspiratory capacity
maximal volume of air that can be inhaled
103
residual volume
amount of air that remains in the lungs after a strong expiration
104
vital capacity
maximum amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a deep breath
105
total lung capacity
vital capacity + residual volume
106
deoxygenated blood is carried toward the lungs by..
the pulmonary artery
107
pulmonary edema
fluid in the lungs resulting from increased blood pressure
108
where is the respiratory control center located
medulla of the brain stem
109
where are peripheral chemoreceptors located
in the aorta and carotid arteries
110
where are central chemoreceptors found
in the medullary respiratory control center
111
3 layers of the skin
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
112
deepest part of the epidermis
stratum basale
113
where is melanin found
in the epidermis
114
where are sensory receptors in the skin found
in the dermis
115
sudoriferous glands + where they're found
sweat glands
dermis
116
sebaceous glands
oil glands
dermis
117
what does the trachealis muscle do
changes diameter of the trachea → faster airflow
118
where are rings of cartilage found
primary bronchi
119
where are plates of cartilage found
secondary bronchi
120
what forms the walls of the alveoli
type 1 alveolar cells
