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Biology - MCAT > Class Ten > Flashcards

Class Ten Flashcards

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1
Q

skeletal muscle is..

A

voluntary muscle

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2
Q

skeletal and cardiac muscle are..

A

striated muscle

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3
Q

three different types of muscle

A

skeletal

cardiac

smooth

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4
Q

what do tendons attach

A

muscle to bone

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5
Q

abducting vs adducting

A

abducting - moving away from body

adducting - moving towards the body

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6
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

muscles that are responsible for movement in opposite directions

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7
Q

synergistic muscles

A

muscles that move a joint in the same direction

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8
Q

single skeletal muscle cell

A

individual muscle fibers

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9
Q

cell membrane of a myofiber

A

sarcolemma

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10
Q

what do myofibrils do

A

generates contractile force of skeletal muscle

make up the myofibers

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11
Q

proteins in myofibril that generates contraction

A

actin and myosin

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12
Q

actin forms..

A

thin filaments

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13
Q

myosin forms..

A

thick filaments

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14
Q

what makes up myofibrils

A

sacromeres

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15
Q

what are sacromeres bound by

A

two Z lines

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16
Q

regions of a sarcomere only composed of thin filaments

A

I bands

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17
Q

full length of the thick filament is..

A

the A band

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18
Q

region composed of only thick filaments

A

H zone

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19
Q

what causes contraction

A

thin and thick filaments sliding across each other + bringing the Z lines closer together

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20
Q

what powers filament sliding

A

ATP hydrolysis

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21
Q

describe the process of the contractile cycle

A

myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin (cross bridge formation)

myosin head pulls on actin chain (power stroke, ADP is released)

actin is released by the myosin head by binding of a new ATP molecule

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22
Q

what needs to be present for contraction to occur

A

calcium

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23
Q

troponin-tropomyosin complex

A

prevents contraction when calcium is not present

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24
Q

what is tropomyosin

A

protein that blocks myosin binding sites (head can’t bind)

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25
Q

what is troponin

A

protein that is bound to tropomyosin that can bind calcium

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26
Q

what happens when troponin binds to calcium

A

troponin changes shape which moves tropomyosin out of the way so the myosin head can bind

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27
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction

A

synapses between an axon terminus and a myofiber

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28
Q

what neurotransmitter is used at the NMJ

A

ACh

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29
Q

purpose of t tubules

A

deep invaginations of the cell membrane → allows AP to travel into the thick cell

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30
Q

purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores calcium ions and releases them into the sarcoplasm on the generation of action potential during muscle contraction

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31
Q

what is rigor mortis

A

rigidity of skeletal muscles which occurs after death → complete ATP exhaustion

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32
Q

what causes cramps

A

temporary lack of ATP

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33
Q

slow vs fast twitch fibers

A

depends on their contractile speeds

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34
Q

type 1 slow twitch fibers

A

aka red slow twitch → high myoglobin content

have good oxygen content & can maintain contraction for a long time

e.g. useful for marathons

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35
Q

type IIA fast twitch fibers

A

contract quickly and somewhat resistant to fatigue

have more mitochondria than type IIB

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36
Q

type IIB fast twitch fibers

A

aka white fast twitch fibers → lack of mitochondria

contract quickly with great force

fatigue very, very quickly

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37
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A

support the body

framework for movement

protect vital organs

store calcium

synthesize formed elements of blood

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38
Q

hematopoiesis

A

creation of formed elements in the blood

occurs in the marrow of the flat bones

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39
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column and rib cage

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40
Q

connective tissue cells are derived from..

A

the fibroblast

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41
Q

what cells are derived from fibroblasts (3)

A

adipocytes, chondrocytes & osteocytes

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42
Q

dense vs loose connective tissue

A

dense - tissues that have a lot of fibers (e.g. collagen)

loose - packing tissue and fat tissue

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43
Q

two bone shapes

A

flat and long

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44
Q

location of hematopoiesis

A

flat bones

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45
Q

main shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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46
Q

flared end of a long bone

A

epiphysis

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47
Q

diaphysis of a long bone is composed of..

A

compact bone

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48
Q

bone can either be..

A

compact or spongy

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49
Q

where is bone marrow found

A

shafts of long bones and pores of spongy bone

50
Q

where is red marrow found

A

spongy bone in flat bones

51
Q

where is yellow marrow found

A

shafts of long bones → filled with fat

52
Q

2 main ingredients of bone

A

collagen and hydroxyapatite

53
Q

what is hydroxyapatite

A

solid material consisting of calcium phosphate crystals

54
Q

what secretes cartilage

A

chondrocytes

55
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrous

56
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

strong and somewhat flexible

found at the larynx and trachea

57
Q

elastic cartilage

A

very flexible

found in outer ear and epiglottis

58
Q

fibrous cartilage

A

very rigid

found at the pubic symphysis

59
Q

what do ligaments connect

A

bone to bone

60
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable joints

61
Q

amphiarthroses

A

provide movability and support

62
Q

diarthroses

A

freely movable joints

63
Q

what lubricates movable joints

A

synovial fluid

64
Q

surfaces of 2 bones in a joint are lined by..

A

articular cartilage (type of hyaline cartilage)

65
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of joints

66
Q

most bone growth occurs by..

A

endochondral ossification

67
Q

endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage is produced and then replaced by bone

68
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

synthesis of bone from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme

69
Q

intramembranous ossification results in..

A

flat bones

70
Q

epiphyseal plate is composed of..

A

hyaline cartilage

71
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that make bone by laying down collagen and hydroxyapatite

72
Q

osteoblasts become..

A

osteocytes

73
Q

osteoclasts

A

destroy bone by dissolving the hydroxyapatite crystals

74
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do → bones

A

stimulates osteoclast activity its

increases reabsorption of calcium

75
Q

what does calcitriol do → bones

A

may stimulate osteoclast activity → minor effect

76
Q

what does calcitonin do → bones

A

inhibits osteoclast activity

decreases reabsorption of calcium

77
Q

what is a myofibril

A

string of sacromeres

78
Q

what is a fascicle

A

group of muscle cells

79
Q

unit of muscle contraction

A

sarcomere

80
Q

what happens if theres no ATP - muscle contraction

A

myosin can’t release actin

81
Q

what fills up the medullary cavity

A

yellow marrow

82
Q

what is ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

83
Q

what is respiration

A

exchange of gases

84
Q

part of the respiratory system that participates in only ventilation

A

conduction zone

85
Q

part of the respiratory system that participates in gas exchange

A

respiratory zone

86
Q

what is hyperventilation

A

too much breathing

87
Q

what does hyperventilation cause

A

respiratory alkalosis

88
Q

what is hypoventilation

A

too little breathing

89
Q

what does hypoventilation cause

A

respiratory acidosis

90
Q

purpose of the mucociliary escalator

A

protects from harmful inhaled particles

91
Q

purpose of surfactant

A

reduces surface tension

92
Q

epithelial cells that secrete surfactant

A

type 2 alveolar cells

93
Q

pressure in the pleural space is..

A

negative

94
Q

what is the pleural space

A

space in-between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

95
Q

what muscles contract during inspiration (2)

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

96
Q

muscles involved in forced expiration

A

contraction of abdominal muscles

97
Q

spirometry

A

measurement of the volume of air entering or exiting the lungs

98
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in normal breathing

99
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be expired after a passive resting expiration

100
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be inspired after a relaxed inspiration

101
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume of air left in the lungs after a resting expiration

102
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

maximal volume of air that can be inhaled

103
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air that remains in the lungs after a strong expiration

104
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a deep breath

105
Q

total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume

106
Q

deoxygenated blood is carried toward the lungs by..

A

the pulmonary artery

107
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid in the lungs resulting from increased blood pressure

108
Q

where is the respiratory control center located

A

medulla of the brain stem

109
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

in the aorta and carotid arteries

110
Q

where are central chemoreceptors found

A

in the medullary respiratory control center

111
Q

3 layers of the skin

A

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis

112
Q

deepest part of the epidermis

A

stratum basale

113
Q

where is melanin found

A

in the epidermis

114
Q

where are sensory receptors in the skin found

A

in the dermis

115
Q

sudoriferous glands + where they’re found

A

sweat glands

dermis

116
Q

sebaceous glands

A

oil glands

dermis

117
Q

what does the trachealis muscle do

A

changes diameter of the trachea → faster airflow

118
Q

where are rings of cartilage found

A

primary bronchi

119
Q

where are plates of cartilage found

A

secondary bronchi

120
Q

what forms the walls of the alveoli

A

type 1 alveolar cells

Biology - MCAT (11 decks)

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