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Biology - MCAT > Class Nine > Flashcards

Class Nine Flashcards

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1
Q

what substances does the liver deal with

A

hydrophobic or large waste products that can’t be filtered out by the kidneys

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2
Q

what important substance does the liver synthesize? what does it do?

A

urea

carrier of excess nitrogen resulting from protein breakdown

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3
Q

role of the large intestine

A

reabsorption of water + ions

can also excrete excess ions

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4
Q

what controls sweating (2)

A

temperature and level of sympathetic NS activity

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5
Q

what does the kidney do (3)

A

excretion of hydrophilic waste

maintenance of solute conc + pH

maintenance of fluid volume

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6
Q

3 main processes of kidney excretion

A

filtration

selective reabsorption

secretion

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7
Q

what does blood enter the kidneys through

A

renal artery

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8
Q

how does purified blood enter the circulatory system from the kidneys

A

via renal veins

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9
Q

sphincters of the bladder

A

internal - smooth muscle (involuntary)

external - skeletal muscle (voluntary)

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10
Q

outer region of a kidney

A

cortex

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11
Q

inner region of a kidney

A

medulla

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12
Q

where are collecting ducts doun

A

in the medulla

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13
Q

where does the renal pelvis empty into

A

ureter

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14
Q

2 components of a nephron

A

capsule (where filtration occurs)

renal tubule (receives filtrate & empties into a collecting duct)

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15
Q

explain the process of filtration - glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole

constriction of efferent = high pressure & leaking into Bowman’s capsule

large substances do not pass in

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16
Q

explain the process of selective reabsorption

A

good substances are picked up by peritubular capillaries

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17
Q

where does most reabsorption occur

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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18
Q

solute movement in the PCT is accompanied by..

A

water movement

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19
Q

where does most secretion take place - glomerulus

A

in the DCT and collecting ducts

this is how drugs & toxins go into the urine

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20
Q

what two hormones affect concentration and dilution

A

ADH and aldosterone

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21
Q

how does ADH affect urine

A

ADH is released by posterior pituitary during dehydration

increases water reabsorption in the distal nephron (makes it permeable to water)

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22
Q

what part of the body is impermeable to water

A

DCT

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23
Q

why do you pee a lot after alcohol consumption

A

alcohol inhibits ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary

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24
Q

how does aldosterone affect urine

A

released due to low BP → causes increased sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron

increased water retention → increased BP

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25
Q

triggers for aldosterone release (3)

A

low blood osmolarity

low blood volume

angiotensin II

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26
Q

countercurrent multiplier - loop of henle

A

the loop of hence makes the medulla very salty which allows for water reabsorption from the collecting duct

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27
Q

role of juxtaglomerular cells

A

baroreceptors that monitor BP

decrease in BP → releases renin

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28
Q

what do JG cells release? why is it important?

A

releases renin in response to low BP

renin converts angiotensinogen → angiotensin I which is then turned into angiotensin II with ACE

angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor that raises BP + causes aldosterone release

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29
Q

role of macula dense

A

causes dilation of the afferent arterioles to increase BF to the glomerulus

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30
Q

where does aldosterone come from

A

adrenal cortex

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31
Q

where does ADH come from

A

posterior pituitary

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32
Q

where does calcitonin come from

A

C cells

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33
Q

where does parathyroid hormone come from

A

parathyroid

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34
Q

where does erythropoietin come from

A

kidney

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35
Q

main role of aldosterone

A

causes sodium reabsorption → increased BV → increased BP

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36
Q

main role of ADH

A

causes water reabsorption → increases BV → increases BP

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37
Q

main role of calcitonin

A

causes calcium to be removed from the body (released in response to too much calcium)

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38
Q

main role of parathyroid hormone

A

opposite function of calcitonin

increases calcium in the body

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39
Q

role of EPO

A

causes increases synthesis of RBCs in bone marrow

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40
Q

what causes EPO to be released

A

decreased blood oxygen levels

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41
Q

what is digestion

A

breakdown of polymers into their building blocks

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42
Q

apical surface

A

faces into the lumen

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43
Q

function of villi & microvilli

A

increase SA

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44
Q

two layers of SM in the gut

A

longitudinal layer

circular layer

45
Q

how does food move through the gut

A

peristalsis

46
Q

2 components of the enteric nervous system

A

myenteric plexus

submucosal plexus

47
Q

what is the myenteric plexus

A

found between circular and longitudinal muscles

regulates gut motility

48
Q

what is the submucosal plexus

A

found in the submucosa

regulates enzyme secretion

49
Q

exocrine vs endocrine

A

exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts

endocrine glands are ductless → picked up by capillaries and enters BS

50
Q

3 main roles of the mouth - digestion

A

fragmentation

lubrication

some enzymatic digestion

51
Q

what does salivary amylase do

A

hydrolyzes starch

52
Q

what does lingual lipase do

A

fat digestion

53
Q

what does lysozyme do

A

attaches bacterial cell walls

54
Q

what is pepsin secreted by? what does it do?

A

chief cells

catalyzes protein breakdown

55
Q

how pepsinogen → pepsin

A

conversion is catalyzed by gastric acidity

56
Q

food mixed with gastric secretions is..

A

chyme

57
Q

when is the opening of the pyloric sphincter inhibited

A

when the small intestine already has lots of chyme in it

58
Q

what secretes gastrin? what does it do?

A

G cells

stimulates acid and pepsin secretion + gastric motility

59
Q

what stimulates gastrin secretion (2)

A

food in the stomach and parasympathetic NS

60
Q

what is released in response to gastrin

A

histamine

61
Q

3 segments of the small intestine

A

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

62
Q

3 reasons why the small intestine has a large surface area

A

length

villi

microvilli

63
Q

purpose of lacteals

A

absorb dietary fats

transports to the thoracic duct

64
Q

what do Peyer’s paches do

A

collection of lymphocytes that monitor GI content for gut pathogens → immunity

65
Q

what two facts empty into the duodenum

A

pancreatic duct

common bile duct

66
Q

where is bile stored

A

in the gall bladder

67
Q

2 functions of bile

A

vehicle for disposal of waste

essential for fat digestion

68
Q

what is the sphincter of oddi

A

where common bile duct and hepatic duct meet

69
Q

what does enterokinase do

A

activates trypsinogen → trypsin

70
Q

3 main duodenal hormones

A

CCK

secretin

enterogastrone

71
Q

when is CCK secreted

A

in response to fats in the duodenum

72
Q

does CCK increase or decrease gastric motility

A

decrease

73
Q

what does enterogastrone do

A

decreases stomach emptying

74
Q

when is secretin released

A

in response to acid in the duodenum

75
Q

where does absorption of vit B12 occur

A

ileum

76
Q

where is the appendix attached

A

to the cecum

77
Q

2 reasons why colonic bacteria is important

A

keeps dangerous bacteria from proliferating

supplies us with vit K → needed for blood clotting

78
Q

how are pancreatic proteases secreted

A

in their inactive zymogen forms

79
Q

CCK effect on pancreas

A

causes pancreas to secrete enzymes

80
Q

secretin effect on pancreas

A

causes the pancreas to release water and bicarb

81
Q

what do alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

82
Q

what does glucagon do

A

released in response to low blood sugar

stimulates the liver to hydrolyze glycogen + release glucose into the BS

83
Q

what do beta cells secrete

A

insulin

84
Q

what does insulin do

A

secreted in response to high BS

turns glucose → glycogen

85
Q

what do s cells secrete

A

somatostatin

86
Q

what does somatostatin do

A

inhibits many digestive processes

87
Q

ingredients of bile

A

bile acids

cholesterol

bilirubin

88
Q

2 places bile from the liver can go

A

gall bladder

directly secreted into duodenum

89
Q

what is a gallstone

A

large crystal formed from bile (too much cholesterol)

90
Q

what 2 things stimulate contraction of gallbladder

A

CCK and parasympathetic NS

91
Q

what does ghrelin do

A

stimulates appetite

92
Q

what does peptide YY do

A

reduce appetite

93
Q

what does leptin do

A

appetite suppressant

94
Q

what happens if the hypothalamus is resistant to leptin

A

obesity

95
Q

vitamin A

A

visual pigment that changes conformation in response to light

fat sob

96
Q

vitamin D

A

stimulates calcium absorption from the gut

fat sob

97
Q

vitamin E

A

prevents oxidation of unsaturated fats

fat sob

98
Q

vitamin K

A

blood coagulation factors

fat sob

99
Q

vitamin B1

A

needed for enzymatic decarboxylations

water sob

100
Q

vitamin B2

A

made into FAD, electron transporter

water sob

101
Q

vitamin B3

A

made into NAD, electron transporter

water sob

102
Q

vitamin B6

A

coenzyme involved in protein and AA metabolism

water sob

103
Q

vitamin B12

A

coenzyme involved in the reduction of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides

104
Q

vitamin C

A

necessary for collagen formation

105
Q

vitamin biotin

A

prosthetic group essential for transport of CO2 groups

106
Q

vitamin folate

A

enzyme cofactor used in the methylene groups

water sob

107
Q

what activates vitamin D

A

kidneys

108
Q

what does ANP do (3)

A

vasodilator

inhibit renin

inhibit aldosterone

Biology - MCAT (11 decks)

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