Class Nine

Question 1

what substances does the liver deal with

Answer 1

hydrophobic or large waste products that can’t be filtered out by the kidneys

Question 2

what important substance does the liver synthesize? what does it do?

Answer 2

urea

carrier of excess nitrogen resulting from protein breakdown

Question 3

role of the large intestine

Answer 3

reabsorption of water + ions

can also excrete excess ions

Question 4

what controls sweating (2)

Answer 4

temperature and level of sympathetic NS activity

Question 5

what does the kidney do (3)

Answer 5

excretion of hydrophilic waste

maintenance of solute conc + pH

maintenance of fluid volume

Question 6

3 main processes of kidney excretion

Answer 6

filtration

selective reabsorption

secretion

Question 7

what does blood enter the kidneys through

Answer 7

renal artery

Question 8

how does purified blood enter the circulatory system from the kidneys

Answer 8

via renal veins

Question 9

sphincters of the bladder

Answer 9

internal - smooth muscle (involuntary)

external - skeletal muscle (voluntary)

Question 10

outer region of a kidney

Answer 10

cortex

Question 11

inner region of a kidney

Answer 11

medulla

Question 12

where are collecting ducts doun

Answer 12

in the medulla

Question 13

where does the renal pelvis empty into

Answer 13

ureter

Question 14

2 components of a nephron

Answer 14

capsule (where filtration occurs)

renal tubule (receives filtrate & empties into a collecting duct)

Question 15

explain the process of filtration - glomerulus

Answer 15

afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole

constriction of efferent = high pressure & leaking into Bowman’s capsule

large substances do not pass in

Question 16

explain the process of selective reabsorption

Answer 16

good substances are picked up by peritubular capillaries

Question 17

where does most reabsorption occur

Answer 17

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 18

solute movement in the PCT is accompanied by..

Answer 18

water movement

Question 19

where does most secretion take place - glomerulus

Answer 19

in the DCT and collecting ducts

this is how drugs & toxins go into the urine

Question 20

what two hormones affect concentration and dilution

Answer 20

ADH and aldosterone

Question 21

how does ADH affect urine

Answer 21

ADH is released by posterior pituitary during dehydration

increases water reabsorption in the distal nephron (makes it permeable to water)

Question 22

what part of the body is impermeable to water

Answer 22

DCT

Question 23

why do you pee a lot after alcohol consumption

Answer 23

alcohol inhibits ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary

Question 24

how does aldosterone affect urine

Answer 24

released due to low BP → causes increased sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron

increased water retention → increased BP

Question 25

triggers for aldosterone release (3)

Answer 25

low blood osmolarity low blood volume angiotensin II

Question 26

countercurrent multiplier - loop of henle

Answer 26

the loop of hence makes the medulla very salty which allows for water reabsorption from the collecting duct

Question 27

role of juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 27

baroreceptors that monitor BP decrease in BP → releases renin

Question 28

what do JG cells release? why is it important?

Answer 28

releases renin in response to low BP renin converts angiotensinogen → angiotensin I which is then turned into angiotensin II with ACE angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor that raises BP + causes aldosterone release

Question 29

role of macula dense

Answer 29

causes dilation of the afferent arterioles to increase BF to the glomerulus

Question 30

where does aldosterone come from

Answer 30

adrenal cortex

Question 31

where does ADH come from

Answer 31

posterior pituitary

Question 32

where does calcitonin come from

Answer 32

C cells

Question 33

where does parathyroid hormone come from

Answer 33

parathyroid

Question 34

where does erythropoietin come from

Answer 34

kidney

Question 35

main role of aldosterone

Answer 35

causes sodium reabsorption → increased BV → increased BP

Question 36

main role of ADH

Answer 36

causes water reabsorption → increases BV → increases BP

Question 37

main role of calcitonin

Answer 37

causes calcium to be removed from the body (released in response to too much calcium)

Question 38

main role of parathyroid hormone

Answer 38

opposite function of calcitonin increases calcium in the body

Question 39

role of EPO

Answer 39

causes increases synthesis of RBCs in bone marrow

Question 40

what causes EPO to be released

Answer 40

decreased blood oxygen levels

Question 41

what is digestion

Answer 41

breakdown of polymers into their building blocks

Question 42

apical surface

Answer 42

faces into the lumen

Question 43

function of villi & microvilli

Answer 43

increase SA

Question 44

two layers of SM in the gut

Answer 44

longitudinal layer circular layer

Question 45

how does food move through the gut

Answer 45

peristalsis

Question 46

2 components of the enteric nervous system

Answer 46

myenteric plexus submucosal plexus

Question 47

what is the myenteric plexus

Answer 47

found between circular and longitudinal muscles regulates gut motility

Question 48

what is the submucosal plexus

Answer 48

found in the submucosa regulates enzyme secretion

Question 49

exocrine vs endocrine

Answer 49

exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts endocrine glands are ductless → picked up by capillaries and enters BS

Question 50

3 main roles of the mouth - digestion

Answer 50

fragmentation lubrication some enzymatic digestion

Question 51

what does salivary amylase do

Answer 51

hydrolyzes starch

Question 52

what does lingual lipase do

Answer 52

fat digestion

Question 53

what does lysozyme do

Answer 53

attaches bacterial cell walls

Question 54

what is pepsin secreted by? what does it do?

Answer 54

chief cells catalyzes protein breakdown

Question 55

how pepsinogen → pepsin

Answer 55

conversion is catalyzed by gastric acidity

Question 56

food mixed with gastric secretions is..

Answer 56

chyme

Question 57

when is the opening of the pyloric sphincter inhibited

Answer 57

when the small intestine already has lots of chyme in it

Question 58

what secretes gastrin? what does it do?

Answer 58

G cells stimulates acid and pepsin secretion + gastric motility

Question 59

what stimulates gastrin secretion (2)

Answer 59

food in the stomach and parasympathetic NS

Question 60

what is released in response to gastrin

Answer 60

histamine

Question 61

3 segments of the small intestine

Answer 61

duodenum jejunum ileum

Question 62

3 reasons why the small intestine has a large surface area

Answer 62

length villi microvilli

Question 63

purpose of lacteals

Answer 63

absorb dietary fats transports to the thoracic duct

Question 64

what do Peyer's paches do

Answer 64

collection of lymphocytes that monitor GI content for gut pathogens → immunity

Question 65

what two facts empty into the duodenum

Answer 65

pancreatic duct common bile duct

Question 66

where is bile stored

Answer 66

in the gall bladder

Question 67

2 functions of bile

Answer 67

vehicle for disposal of waste essential for fat digestion

Question 68

what is the sphincter of oddi

Answer 68

where common bile duct and hepatic duct meet

Question 69

what does enterokinase do

Answer 69

activates trypsinogen → trypsin

Question 70

3 main duodenal hormones

Answer 70

CCK secretin enterogastrone

Question 71

when is CCK secreted

Answer 71

in response to fats in the duodenum

Question 72

does CCK increase or decrease gastric motility

Answer 72

decrease

Question 73

what does enterogastrone do

Answer 73

decreases stomach emptying

Question 74

when is secretin released

Answer 74

in response to acid in the duodenum

Question 75

where does absorption of vit B12 occur

Answer 75

ileum

Question 76

where is the appendix attached

Answer 76

to the cecum

Question 77

2 reasons why colonic bacteria is important

Answer 77

keeps dangerous bacteria from proliferating supplies us with vit K → needed for blood clotting

Question 78

how are pancreatic proteases secreted

Answer 78

in their inactive zymogen forms

Question 79

CCK effect on pancreas

Answer 79

causes pancreas to secrete enzymes

Question 80

secretin effect on pancreas

Answer 80

causes the pancreas to release water and bicarb

Question 81

what do alpha cells secrete

Answer 81

glucagon

Question 82

what does glucagon do

Answer 82

released in response to low blood sugar stimulates the liver to hydrolyze glycogen + release glucose into the BS

Question 83

what do beta cells secrete

Answer 83

insulin

Question 84

what does insulin do

Answer 84

secreted in response to high BS turns glucose → glycogen

Question 85

what do s cells secrete

Answer 85

somatostatin

Question 86

what does somatostatin do

Answer 86

inhibits many digestive processes

Question 87

ingredients of bile

Answer 87

bile acids cholesterol bilirubin

Question 88

2 places bile from the liver can go

Answer 88

gall bladder directly secreted into duodenum

Question 89

what is a gallstone

Answer 89

large crystal formed from bile (too much cholesterol)

Question 90

what 2 things stimulate contraction of gallbladder

Answer 90

CCK and parasympathetic NS

Question 91

what does ghrelin do

Answer 91

stimulates appetite

Question 92

what does peptide YY do

Answer 92

reduce appetite

Question 93

what does leptin do

Answer 93

appetite suppressant

Question 94

what happens if the hypothalamus is resistant to leptin

Answer 94

obesity

Question 95

vitamin A

Answer 95

visual pigment that changes conformation in response to light fat sob

Question 96

vitamin D

Answer 96

stimulates calcium absorption from the gut fat sob

Question 97

vitamin E

Answer 97

prevents oxidation of unsaturated fats fat sob

Question 98

vitamin K

Answer 98

blood coagulation factors fat sob

Question 99

vitamin B1

Answer 99

needed for enzymatic decarboxylations water sob

Question 100

vitamin B2

Answer 100

made into FAD, electron transporter water sob

Question 101

vitamin B3

Answer 101

made into NAD, electron transporter water sob

Question 102

vitamin B6

Answer 102

coenzyme involved in protein and AA metabolism water sob

Question 103

vitamin B12

Answer 103

coenzyme involved in the reduction of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides

Question 104

vitamin C

Answer 104

necessary for collagen formation

Question 105

vitamin biotin

Answer 105

prosthetic group essential for transport of CO2 groups

Question 106

vitamin folate

Answer 106

enzyme cofactor used in the methylene groups water sob

Question 107

what activates vitamin D

Answer 107

kidneys

Question 108

what does ANP do (3)

Answer 108

vasodilator inhibit renin inhibit aldosterone