Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology - MCAT > Class Eleven > Flashcards

Class Eleven Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

main role of the scrotum

A

temperature regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

two roles of the testes

A

synthesis of sperm

secretion of male sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

site of spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

walls of seminiferous tubules are formed by..

A

sustentacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tissue between seminiferous tubules

A

testicular interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

role of interstitial cells (Leydig)

A

synthesis of testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where to the seminiferous tubules empty into

A

epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does the epididymis empty into

A

vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does the vas deferens get to the urethra

A

by entering the inguinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what two things make up the ejaculatory duct

A

seminal vesicle duct + vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do the seminal vesicles secrete

A

mostly fructose

60% of semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what 3 glands secrete the components of semen

A

seminal vesicles

prostate

bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the prostate gland secrete (2)

A

fructose

coagulant - allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation

35% of semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do the bulbourethal glands secrete

A

thick, alkaline mucus

lubricates the uretha - neutralizes acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do the testes secrete

A

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 compartments that have erectile tissue

A

corpora cavernosa (x2)

corpus spongiosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

three stages of the male sexual act

A

arousal

orgasm

resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

arousal is dependent on..

A

parasympathetic nervous input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 stages of arousal

A

erection and lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens during erection

A

dilation of arteries supplying the erectile tissue → causes swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens during lubrication

A

bulbourethral glands secrete mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is required for orgasm

A

stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

two stages of orgasm

A

emission and ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens in emission

A

propulsion of sperm and semen into the urethra by contractions of SM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what happens in ejaculation

A

semen is propelled out of the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what controls resolution

A

sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

main thing that happens during resolution

A

constriction of the erectile arteries → decreased blood flow to the erectile tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

syngamy

A

egg and sperm meeting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin

A

at puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where are immature sperm precursors found

A

outer wall of the seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

mature sperm aka

A

spermatozoan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

job of primary spermatocyte

A

meiosis I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

job of secondary spermatocyte

A

meiosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how do we keep spermatozoa inactive

A

inhibitory substances secreted by the vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does the acrosome contain

A

hydrolytic enzymes to penetrate the ovum’s protective layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

bindin

A

protein on sperm’s surface

attaches to receptors on the zone pellucida surrounding the ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does luteinizing hormone do - males

A

stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone do - males

A

stimulates sustenacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what secretes inhibin

A

sustenacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

role of inhibin

A

inhibit FSH release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where do FSH and LH come from

A

anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

mullerian ducts turn into..

A

female genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

when does mullerian inhibiting factor get produced

A

in the presence of a Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

which is the default, wolffian ducts or mullerian ducts developing

A

mullerian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

mullerian inhibiting factor is produced by

A

the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

systemic testosterone must be converted into ____ in target tissues to exert effects

A

dihydrotestosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

testis is homologous to

A

ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

penis is homologous to

A

clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

bulbourethral gland is homologous to

A

greater vestibular glands

50
Q

scrotum is homologous to

A

labia majora

51
Q

main androgen in the testes

A

testosterone

52
Q

main estrogen in the ovaries

A

estradiol

53
Q

where does gonadotropin releasing hormone come from

A

hypothalamus

54
Q

what does GnRH do

A

stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH

55
Q

FSH in females

A

stimulates the granulose cells to secrete estrogen

56
Q

LH in females

A

stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion

57
Q

role of inhibin

A

inhibits the pituitary from releasing FSH and LH

58
Q

what becomes the scrotum

A

labioscrotal swellings

59
Q

what surrounds the urethral opening in females

A

labia minora

60
Q

whats between the labia minora

A

opening to the vagina

61
Q

what is the cervix

A

part of the uterus that opens into the vagina

62
Q

innermost lining of the uterus

A

endometrium

63
Q

what surrounds the endometrium

A

myometrium

64
Q

mature follicle aka

A

Graafian follicle

65
Q

layer of granulose cells surrounding the ovum

A

corona radiata

66
Q

what makes and secretes estrogen

A

granulose cells

67
Q

what seconds estrogen and progesterone in the second half of the menstrual cycle

A

corpus luteum

68
Q

three phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase

ovulatory phase

luteal phase

69
Q

what happens in the follicular phase

A

primary follicle matures + secretes estrogen

FSH controls maturation of the follicle

70
Q

what happens in the ovulatory phase

A

secondary oocyte is release → surge of LH

remnants of the follicle becomes the corpus lute

71
Q

what happens in the luteal phase

A

formation of the corpus luteum in the ovary

secretes estrogen and progesterone

72
Q

three phases of the uterine cycle

A

menstruation

proliferative phase

secretory phase

73
Q

what triggers menstruation

A

degeneration of the corpus luteum

74
Q

why does the endometrial lining slough off

A

due to the drop in estrogen + progesterone

75
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase

A

new endometrium forms due to estrogen from the follicle

76
Q

what happens in the secretory phase

A

estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum further increase development of the endometrium

77
Q

what stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the ant. pituitary

A

GnRH

78
Q

secretion of _____________ is initially inhibited by estrogen

A

GnRH, LSH and FH

79
Q

what causes ovulation

A

surge in LH

80
Q

why does ovulation not occur during pregnancy

A

inhibition of LH release

81
Q

what secretes hCG

A

the chorion

82
Q

what does hCG do

A

maintains the corpus luteum

83
Q

what hormone is tested with pregnancy tests

A

hCG

84
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

uterine tube

85
Q

fast block to polyspermy

A

depolarization of the egg plasma membrane

86
Q

slow block to polyspermy

A

calcium influx

swelling of the space between the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane

hardening of the zona pellucida

87
Q

what gives rise to the chorion

A

trophoblasts

88
Q

yolk sac purpose

A

first site of RBC synthesis in the embryo

89
Q

what is gastrulation

A

when the three primary germ layers become distinct

90
Q

three primary germ layers

A

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

91
Q

mesoderm develops from..

A

the endoderm

92
Q

what does the ectoderm give rise to

A

nervous system

pituitary gland

cornea + lens

epidermis

epithelium

93
Q

what does the mesoderm give rise to

A

muscle, bone, CT

cardiovascular + lymphatic systems

urogential organs

dermis of skin

94
Q

what does the endoderm give rise to

A

GI tract/glands

respiratory epithelium

lining of urogenital organs

bladder

95
Q

when are all major organ systems present

A

by the eighth week

96
Q

when is the fetus most sensitive to toxins

A

first trimester → when organogenesis occurs

97
Q

lack of folic acid in the mother’s diet

A

can lead to defects in the formation of the neural tube and CNS

98
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome leads to

A

stunted fetal growth

brain damage etc.

99
Q

totipotent

A

can generate trophoblast and inner cell mass

100
Q

pluripotent

A

can differentiate into any of the 3 primary germ layers

101
Q

multipotent

A

can produce many, but not all cell types

102
Q

dedifferentiation

A

some cells can go backward and become less specialized

103
Q

changes in mom’s bodies during pregnancy

A

increased respiratory rate

increased BV

increased glomerular filtration

104
Q

parturition

A

birth

105
Q

positive feedback cycle of birth

A

increased pressure on cerix causes oxytocin release

oxytocin causes uterine contractions to increase even more

106
Q

first stage of labour

A

dilation of the cervix

107
Q

second stage of labour

A

birth

108
Q

third stage of labour

A

expulsion of the placenta

109
Q

what causes breast milk

A

prolactin

110
Q

why is prolactin released after birth

A

due to the drop in estrogen and progesterone (they inhibit prolactin)

111
Q

what is also required for milk release

A

oxytocin

112
Q

estrogen and LH relationship

A

at low levels of estrogen, it is inhibitory for LH

at high levels of estrogen, it is stimulating for LH

113
Q

when estrogen and progesterone levels are high..

A

LH and FSH levels are low

114
Q

morula

A

solid ball of cells

115
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells

116
Q

what implants into the uterus

A

blastula

117
Q

what secretes hCG

A

trophoblast

118
Q

how long does it take to form the placenta

A

3 months

119
Q

what eventually becomes the embryo

A

inner cell mass

120
Q

foramen ovale

A

hole between R and L atria

121
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

BV between PT and aorta

122
Q

which umbilical vessels close first

A

arteries then veins

Biology - MCAT (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions