Class Eleven Flashcards
1
Q
main role of the scrotum
A
temperature regulation
2
Q
two roles of the testes
A
synthesis of sperm
secretion of male sex hormones
3
Q
site of spermatogenesis
A
seminiferous tubules
4
Q
walls of seminiferous tubules are formed by..
A
sustentacular cells
5
Q
tissue between seminiferous tubules
A
testicular interstitium
6
Q
role of interstitial cells (Leydig)
A
synthesis of testosterone
7
Q
where to the seminiferous tubules empty into
A
epididymis
8
Q
where does the epididymis empty into
A
vas deferens
9
Q
how does the vas deferens get to the urethra
A
by entering the inguinal canal
10
Q
what two things make up the ejaculatory duct
A
seminal vesicle duct + vas deferens
11
Q
what do the seminal vesicles secrete
A
mostly fructose
60% of semen
12
Q
what 3 glands secrete the components of semen
A
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands
13
Q
what does the prostate gland secrete (2)
A
fructose
coagulant - allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation
35% of semen
14
Q
what do the bulbourethal glands secrete
A
thick, alkaline mucus
lubricates the uretha - neutralizes acids
15
Q
what do the testes secrete
A
sperm
16
Q
3 compartments that have erectile tissue
A
corpora cavernosa (x2)
corpus spongiosum
17
Q
three stages of the male sexual act
A
arousal
orgasm
resolution
18
Q
arousal is dependent on..
A
parasympathetic nervous input
19
Q
2 stages of arousal
A
erection and lubrication
20
Q
what happens during erection
A
dilation of arteries supplying the erectile tissue → causes swelling
21
Q
what happens during lubrication
A
bulbourethral glands secrete mucous
22
Q
what is required for orgasm
A
stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system
23
Q
two stages of orgasm
A
emission and ejaculation
24
Q
what happens in emission
A
propulsion of sperm and semen into the urethra by contractions of SM
25
what happens in ejaculation
semen is propelled out of the urethra
26
what controls resolution
sympathetic nervous system
27
main thing that happens during resolution
constriction of the erectile arteries → decreased blood flow to the erectile tissue
28
syngamy
egg and sperm meeting
29
when does spermatogenesis begin
at puberty
30
where are immature sperm precursors found
outer wall of the seminiferous tubules
31
mature sperm aka
spermatozoan
32
job of primary spermatocyte
meiosis I
33
job of secondary spermatocyte
meiosis II
34
how do we keep spermatozoa inactive
inhibitory substances secreted by the vas deferens
35
what does the acrosome contain
hydrolytic enzymes to penetrate the ovum's protective layers
36
bindin
protein on sperm's surface
attaches to receptors on the zone pellucida surrounding the ovum
37
what does luteinizing hormone do - males
stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
38
what does follicle stimulating hormone do - males
stimulates sustenacular cells
39
what secretes inhibin
sustenacular cells
40
role of inhibin
inhibit FSH release
41
where do FSH and LH come from
anterior pituitary
42
mullerian ducts turn into..
female genitalia
43
when does mullerian inhibiting factor get produced
in the presence of a Y chromosome
44
which is the default, wolffian ducts or mullerian ducts developing
mullerian
45
mullerian inhibiting factor is produced by
the testes
46
systemic testosterone must be converted into ____ in target tissues to exert effects
dihydrotestosterone
47
testis is homologous to
ovary
48
penis is homologous to
clitoris
49
bulbourethral gland is homologous to
greater vestibular glands
50
scrotum is homologous to
labia majora
51
main androgen in the testes
testosterone
52
main estrogen in the ovaries
estradiol
53
where does gonadotropin releasing hormone come from
hypothalamus
54
what does GnRH do
stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH
55
FSH in females
stimulates the granulose cells to secrete estrogen
56
LH in females
stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion
57
role of inhibin
inhibits the pituitary from releasing FSH and LH
58
what becomes the scrotum
labioscrotal swellings
59
what surrounds the urethral opening in females
labia minora
60
whats between the labia minora
opening to the vagina
61
what is the cervix
part of the uterus that opens into the vagina
62
innermost lining of the uterus
endometrium
63
what surrounds the endometrium
myometrium
64
mature follicle aka
Graafian follicle
65
layer of granulose cells surrounding the ovum
corona radiata
66
what makes and secretes estrogen
granulose cells
67
what seconds estrogen and progesterone in the second half of the menstrual cycle
corpus luteum
68
three phases of the ovarian cycle
follicular phase
ovulatory phase
luteal phase
69
what happens in the follicular phase
primary follicle matures + secretes estrogen
FSH controls maturation of the follicle
70
what happens in the ovulatory phase
secondary oocyte is release → surge of LH
remnants of the follicle becomes the corpus lute
71
what happens in the luteal phase
formation of the corpus luteum in the ovary
secretes estrogen and progesterone
72
three phases of the uterine cycle
menstruation
proliferative phase
secretory phase
73
what triggers menstruation
degeneration of the corpus luteum
74
why does the endometrial lining slough off
due to the drop in estrogen + progesterone
75
what happens in the proliferative phase
new endometrium forms due to estrogen from the follicle
76
what happens in the secretory phase
estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum further increase development of the endometrium
77
what stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the ant. pituitary
GnRH
78
secretion of _____________ is initially inhibited by estrogen
GnRH, LSH and FH
79
what causes ovulation
surge in LH
80
why does ovulation not occur during pregnancy
inhibition of LH release
81
what secretes hCG
the chorion
82
what does hCG do
maintains the corpus luteum
83
what hormone is tested with pregnancy tests
hCG
84
where does fertilization occur
uterine tube
85
fast block to polyspermy
depolarization of the egg plasma membrane
86
slow block to polyspermy
calcium influx
swelling of the space between the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane
hardening of the zona pellucida
87
what gives rise to the chorion
trophoblasts
88
yolk sac purpose
first site of RBC synthesis in the embryo
89
what is gastrulation
when the three primary germ layers become distinct
90
three primary germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
91
mesoderm develops from..
the endoderm
92
what does the ectoderm give rise to
nervous system
pituitary gland
cornea + lens
epidermis
epithelium
93
what does the mesoderm give rise to
muscle, bone, CT
cardiovascular + lymphatic systems
urogential organs
dermis of skin
94
what does the endoderm give rise to
GI tract/glands
respiratory epithelium
lining of urogenital organs
bladder
95
when are all major organ systems present
by the eighth week
96
when is the fetus most sensitive to toxins
first trimester → when organogenesis occurs
97
lack of folic acid in the mother's diet
can lead to defects in the formation of the neural tube and CNS
98
fetal alcohol syndrome leads to
stunted fetal growth
brain damage etc.
99
totipotent
can generate trophoblast and inner cell mass
100
pluripotent
can differentiate into any of the 3 primary germ layers
101
multipotent
can produce many, but not all cell types
102
dedifferentiation
some cells can go backward and become less specialized
103
changes in mom's bodies during pregnancy
increased respiratory rate
increased BV
increased glomerular filtration
104
parturition
birth
105
positive feedback cycle of birth
increased pressure on cerix causes oxytocin release
oxytocin causes uterine contractions to increase even more
106
first stage of labour
dilation of the cervix
107
second stage of labour
birth
108
third stage of labour
expulsion of the placenta
109
what causes breast milk
prolactin
110
why is prolactin released after birth
due to the drop in estrogen and progesterone (they inhibit prolactin)
111
what is also required for milk release
oxytocin
112
estrogen and LH relationship
at low levels of estrogen, it is inhibitory for LH
at high levels of estrogen, it is stimulating for LH
113
when estrogen and progesterone levels are high..
LH and FSH levels are low
114
morula
solid ball of cells
115
blastula
hollow ball of cells
116
what implants into the uterus
blastula
117
what secretes hCG
trophoblast
118
how long does it take to form the placenta
3 months
119
what eventually becomes the embryo
inner cell mass
120
foramen ovale
hole between R and L atria
121
ductus arteriosus
BV between PT and aorta
122
which umbilical vessels close first
arteries then veins
