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Biology - MCAT > Class Seven > Flashcards

Class Seven Flashcards

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1
Q

structural unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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2
Q

electrochemical signals of the nervous system

A

action potentials

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3
Q

where is the nucleus found in a neuron

A

in the soma

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4
Q

how many axons and dendrites does a neuron have

A

one axon

can have many dendrites

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5
Q

bipolar vs multipolar neurons

A

bipolar: only one dendrite
multipolar: many dendrites

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6
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

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7
Q

how does the Na/K ATPase pump work

A

2 Na out and 2 K in with the hydrolysis of 1 ATP

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8
Q

what type of transport is the Na/K pup

A

primary active transport → transports against a gradient

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9
Q

how do voltage gated sodium channels open

A

opened by depolarization of the membrane

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10
Q

3 factors that allow for depolarization

A

voltage gated sodium channels close

voltage gated potassium channels open

potassium leak channels and Na/K pump continue to function to bring it back to RMP

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11
Q

what is myelin made up of

A

Schwann cells → type of glial cells

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12
Q

Schwann cells are found in the..

A

PNS

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13
Q

myelination via oligodendrocytes is found in the..

A

CNS

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14
Q

what is found in the nodes of Ranvier

A

concentrations of voltage gated sodium and potassium channels

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15
Q

saltatory conduction

A

rapid jumping conduction in myelinated axons

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16
Q

function of astrocytes

A

found in CNS

guide neuronal development

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17
Q

function of microglia

A

found in CNS

remove dead cells + debris

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18
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

found in CNS

produce & circulate CSF

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19
Q

Nernst equilibrium potential formula

A
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20
Q

absolute refractory period

A

neuron will not fire another AP no matter how strong a membrane depolarization is

voltage gated sodium channels are inactivated (not closed_

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21
Q

relative refractory period

A

neuron can be induced to transmit an AP but needs a greater depolarization because the membrane is hyperpolarized

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22
Q

2 types of synapses

A

chemical and electrical

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23
Q

electrical synapses

A

cytoplasm of 2 cells are joined by gap junctions

action potential spreads from one cell to another

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24
Q

chemical synapses

A

action potentials are converted into chemical signals

found in the nervous system

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25
Q

what neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions

A

ACh

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26
Q

what degrades ACh

A

acetylcholinesterase

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27
Q

key regulated step in the nervous system

A

whether or not a neuron will fire an AP

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28
Q

EPSPs

A

excitatory neurotransmitters cause postsynpaic depolarization

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29
Q

IPSPs

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters cause IPSPs

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30
Q

temporal summation

A

presynaptic neurons fire lots of APs that pile on top of eachother

within a short time period

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31
Q

spatial summation

A

EPSPs and IPSPs from all of the synapses on the postsynaptic membrane are summed at the same time

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32
Q

efferent vs afferent neurons

A

efferent neurons carry info away from CNS

afferent neurons carry info to the CNS

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33
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc

A

a reflex involving only 2 neurons and 1 synapse

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34
Q

somatic vs autonomic nervous systems

A

somatic → voluntary control of skeletal muscle

autonomic → involuntary control of glands + SM

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35
Q

2 branches of ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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36
Q

pupils during parasympathetic activation

A

constriction

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37
Q

pupils during sympathetic activation

A

dilation

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38
Q

myelinated vs unmyelinated - white vs grey

A

myelinated = white matter

unmyelinated = grey matter

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39
Q

role of medulla

A

regulating vital autonomic functions - BP etc

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40
Q

where is most of the RAS found

A

in the midbrain

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41
Q

function of frontal lobes

A

voluntary movements + problem solving

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42
Q

function of parietal lobes

A

sensations & taste

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43
Q

functions of temporal lobes

A

auditory + smell

language comp + emotion

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44
Q

function of occipital lobes

A

visual sensation

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45
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

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46
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves

A

31

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47
Q

cranial nerves convey..

A

sensory and motor info to & from the brainstem

48
Q

spinal nerves convey..

A

convert sensory and motor info to and from the spinal cord

49
Q

what neurotransmitters do all somatic motor neurons use

A

ACh

50
Q

where do somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies

A

in the brain stem or ventral part of spinal cord

51
Q

somatic effectors

A

skeletal muscles

52
Q

which is the craniosacral system

A

parasympathetic

53
Q

which is the thoracolumbar system

A

sympathetic

54
Q

usual neurotransmitter for sym. postganglionic axon

A

norepinephrine

55
Q

usual neurotransmitter for parasym. postganglionic axon

A

ACh

56
Q

what does the adrenal gland secrete (3)

A

cortisol

aldosterone

hormones (E and NE)

57
Q

exteroceptors

A

sensory receptors that detect stimuli from the outside world

58
Q

interoceptors

A

receptors that respond to internal stimuli

59
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical disturbances

60
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

pressure sensors in the skin

nerve ending becomes depolarized when there is pressure from the skin

61
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals

e.g. olfactory and gustatory receptors

62
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

stimulated by tissue injury

63
Q

thermoreceptors

A

stimulated by changes in temperature

64
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

stimulated by electromagnetic waves

e.g. photoreceptors in eyes

65
Q

tonic receptors

A

fire electric potentials as long as the stimulus occurs

66
Q

phasic receptors

A

only fire APs when the stimulus begins

67
Q

where are olfactory receptors found

A

roof of the nasopharynx

68
Q

where do olfactory nerves project

A

directly to the olfactory bulbs of the brain

69
Q

where are olfactory bulbs located

A

temporal lobe of the brain

70
Q

what makes up the outer ear

A

auricle and external auditory canal

71
Q

what divides the middle and outer ear

A

tympanic membrane aka eardrum

72
Q

what makes up the ossicles

A

the malleus (hammer)

the incus (anvil)

the stapes (stirrup)

73
Q

what divides the middle and inner ear

A

oval window

74
Q

what attaches to the oval window

A

stapes

75
Q

what is responsible for releasing excess pressure in the ear

A

round window

76
Q

what causes ear popping

A

the auditory tube

77
Q

fluids in the cochlea

A

perilymph and endolymph

78
Q

what opens the ion channels in the hair cells of the ear

A

movement of the hair cells

results in neurotransmitter release

79
Q

how is pitch distinguished

A

by which regions of the basilar membrane vibrates

80
Q

where do low frequency sounds stimulate hair cells

A

at the apex of the cochlear duct, farthest from the oval window

81
Q

where do high frequency sounds stimulate hair cells

A

base of cochlea, near oval window

82
Q

where is the auditory cortex found

A

temporal lobe

83
Q

what makes up the vestibular complex (4)

A

semicircular canals

auricle

saccule

ampullae

84
Q

where does the vestibular complex send information

A

to the pons and cerebellum (balance info)

85
Q

how does light enter the eyes

A

by passing through the cornea

86
Q

purpose of the choroid

A

contains dark pigmented cells to absorb excess light in the eye

87
Q

what foes the anterior chamber of the eye contains

A

aqueous humour

88
Q

what do the muscles in the iris do

A

regulate the diameter of the pupil

89
Q

purpose of the eye lens

A

to fine tune the angle of incoming light so it focuses on the retina

90
Q

what does the vitreous chamber contain

A

vitreous humour

91
Q

what does the retina contain

A

rods and cones → detects light

92
Q

what do rods and cones synapse with

A

bipolar cells

93
Q

whats special about the optic disk

A

aka blind spot → no photorecepto4rss

94
Q

significance of the macula

A

center of it is the focal point, only contains cones → extreme visual acuity

95
Q

special pigment proteins in the eyews

A

opsin, which is bound to one molecule of retinal

96
Q

rods and cones at rest (in the dark)

A

retinal has many trans double bonds and one cis bond

this allows for opsin to keep sodium channel open

97
Q

rods and cones when absorbing light

A

retinal is converted to its all-trans form

opsin closes the sodium channel → cell hyperpolarizes

98
Q

what do rods and cones release onto bipolar cells

A

glutamate (neurotransmitter)

99
Q

when do rods/cones release glutamate

A

in the dark → depolarization

100
Q

on center vs off center bipolar cells

A

on center: increased glutamate = decreased transmitter release

off center: increased glutamate = increased transmitter release

101
Q

what accomplishes night vision

A

rods

102
Q

emmetropia

A

normal vision

103
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness → too much curvature of the cornea

104
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness → dues to the focusing of light behind the retina

105
Q

how to fix myopia

A

with a concave lens

106
Q

how to fix hyperopia

A

with a convex lens

107
Q

presbyopia

A

inability to focus → due to loss of lens flexibility (occurs w aging)

108
Q

feature detection theory

A

different parts of the brain are activated when looking at different things (face vs words etc)

109
Q

parallel processing

A

many aspects of a stimulus are processed simultaneously

110
Q

Weber’s law

A

says that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion in order for their difference to be perceptible

111
Q

bottom up processing

A

begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain

112
Q

top down processing

A

brain applies knowledge to interpret sensory information

113
Q

dendrites send nerve impulses towards..

A

the soma

114
Q

axons send nerve impulses..

A

away from the soma

115
Q

what is hyperpolarization

A

moving away from rest potential in the negative direction

116
Q

where are electrical synapses always found

A

in cardiac muscle cells

117
Q

what breaks a synapsin bond

A

calcium

Biology - MCAT (11 decks)

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