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Biology - MCAT > Class Eight > Flashcards

Class Eight Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hormone

A

a molecule secreted into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland

has effects on distant target cells

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2
Q

what is an endocrine gland

A

ductless gland → secretory products are picked up by capillaries

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3
Q

what is an exocrine gland

A

secrete products into the external environment with ducts

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4
Q

what is a hormone receptor

A

receptor with the hormone as the ligand

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5
Q

what is autocrine activity

A

signalling molecules modifying the activity of the cell which secreted them

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6
Q

examples of hydrophilic hormones

A

peptides & amino acid derivatives

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7
Q

where do hydrophilic hormones bind

A

receptor on the cell surface

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8
Q

example of hydrophobic hormones

A

steroids

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9
Q

where do hydrophobic hormones bind

A

receptors in the cellular interior

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10
Q

example of a polypeptide hormone

A

insulin

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11
Q

what secretes insulin

A

B cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans

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12
Q

when is insulin released

A

in response to high blood glucose

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13
Q

parent A for catecholamines and thyroid hormones

A

tyrosine

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14
Q

site of synthesis for peptides

A

rough ER

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15
Q

site of synthesis for steroids

A

smooth ER

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16
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

decreases calcium levels to regulate calcium homeostasis

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17
Q

what are tropic hormones

A

hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets

“hormones that regulate hormones”

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18
Q

what is the hypothalamic-pituitary control axis

A

connection between hypothalamus and pituitary

hypothalamus controls the pituitary

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19
Q

anterior pituitary gland aka

A

adenohypophysis

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20
Q

posterior pituitary aka

A

neurohypophysis

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21
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

ADH

oxytocin

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22
Q

where does thyroid stimulating hormone come from

A

ant. pituitary

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23
Q

cortisol is secreted by the..

A

adrenal cortex

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24
Q

what is ischemia

A

inadequate blood flow → waste builds up

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25
Q

what are arteries

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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26
Q

secretion of what substances affects vessel diameter

A

NO and endothelian

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27
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

flow of blood from heart → lungs and back to the heart

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28
Q

what is systemic ciruclation

A

flow of blood from the heart → rest of body & back to the heart

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29
Q

what vessel comes after the right ventricle

A

pulmonary arteries → lungs

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30
Q

how does blood enter the left atrium

A

via pulmonary veins

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31
Q

what is responsible for the heart’s own BS

A

coronary arteries that supply blood to the wall of the heart

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32
Q

what merges to form the coronary sinus

A

coronary veins

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33
Q

where does the coronary sinus drain

A

right atrium

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34
Q

main purpose of valves

A

ensure one way flow through the circulatory system

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35
Q

where are AV valves found

A

in-between atria and ventricles

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36
Q

where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve found

A

in between the left A and V

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37
Q

where is the tricuspid valve found

A

in between the right A and V

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38
Q

why are valves needed in veins

A

theres not much of a driving force → blood losses pressure when passing through capillaries

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39
Q

why do varicose veins occur

A

when venous valves fail → increased BP in the veins

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40
Q

what happens in diastole

A

ventricles are relaxed

blood flows from atria → ventricles

atria contracts

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41
Q

what initiates systole

A

ventricles contracting

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42
Q

what happens during systole

A

ventricles contract

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43
Q

what is the lub sound

A

closure of AV valves at the beginning of systole

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44
Q

what is the dup sound

A

closing of the SL valves

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45
Q

what is stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped with each systole

46
Q

what is cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped per minute

47
Q

cardiac output formula

A

CO = SV x HR

48
Q

Frank Starling mechanism

A

increasing stroke volume by increasing venous return

more blood = more stretch = stronger contraction

49
Q

2 ways to increase venous return

A

increase blood volume (retain water)

propelling more blood into the heart (valves)

50
Q

what are intercalated disks

A

the connections between cardiac muscle cells

51
Q

what initiates AP in the heart

A

SA node

52
Q

pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

53
Q

what has the most sodium leak channels of the conduction system

A

SA node

54
Q

internodal tract

A

pathway that connects SA node to AV node

55
Q

SA node pathway

A

SA node → AV node → bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

56
Q

vagus nerve and SA node

A

postganglionic neurons innervate the SA node → releases ACh which inhibits depolarization by binding to receptors

57
Q

what is vagal tone

A

constant level of inhibition provided by the vagus nerve

58
Q

2 ways the sympathetic NS affects the heart

A

postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine

epinephrine from adrenal medulla binds to receptors on cardiac muscle cells

59
Q

baroreceptors

A

found in the aortic arch and carotid arteries

monitor pressure

parasympathetic and sympathetic systems try to fix it

60
Q

principal determinant of cardiac resistance

A

conscription of arteriolar smooth muscle aka precapillary sphincters

61
Q

diastolic vs systolic pressure

A

S: highest pressure in the circulatory system

D: lowest pressure

62
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

63
Q

what is local auto regulation

A

tissues in need of extra BF can requisition to themselves

not getting enough BF → waste builds up → vasodilation occurs

64
Q

function of albumin in blodo

A

maintains oncotic pressure (osmotic pressure in capillaries due to plasma proteins)

65
Q

function of fibrinogen in blood

A

blood clotting → hemostasis

66
Q

what is urea

A

breakdown product of AAs

67
Q

what is bilirubin

A

breakdown product of heme

68
Q

hemocrit

A

V of blood that is RBCs

69
Q

where do formed elements of blood come from

A

bone marrow

70
Q

where is erthythopoeitin made

A

kidney

71
Q

what does erythropoietin do

A

stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow

72
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Rh- mom with anti-Rh antibodies from previous pregnancy has a Rh+ baby

73
Q

universal recipients

A

AB+

74
Q

universal donors

A

O-

75
Q

what WBCs move by amoeboid motility (crawling)

A

macrophages and neutrophils

76
Q

precursor to macrophage

A

monocyte

77
Q

macrophage function

A

phagocytose debris + microorganisms

78
Q

B cell function

A

mature into plasma cells and produce antibodies

79
Q

T cell function

A

kill virus infected cells

80
Q

neutrophil function

A

phagocytose bacteria

81
Q

eosinophil function

A

destroy parasitres, allergic reactions

82
Q

basophil function

A

store + release histamine, allergic reactions

83
Q

what are platelets derived from

A

megakaryocytes

84
Q

fibrin function

A

forms a mesh to keep a platelet plug together

85
Q

how does fibrinogen turn into fibre

A

with thrombin

86
Q

hemophilia

A

X linked recessive - excessive bleeding

87
Q

how many oxygens can one hemoglobin carry

A

4

88
Q

level of oxygen in active tissues

A

low

89
Q

3 ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood

A

as carbonic acid

stuck to hemoglobin

dissolved in the blood

90
Q

what goes through intercellular clefts

A

nutrients, waste and WBCs

91
Q

why does water tend to flow out of capillaries (2)

A

hydrostatic pressure squeezes it out

high osmolarity of tissues draws it out

92
Q

what is the largest lymphatic vessel + location

A

thoracic duct in the chest

93
Q

3 types of immunity

A

innate

humoral

cell-mediated

94
Q

what is innate immunity

A

general, nonspecific protection the body provides

95
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

specific protection by antibodies or immunoglobins

96
Q

what are antibodies made up of

A

light chains and heavy chains, joined by disulphide bonds

97
Q

IgM location + function

A

blood & B cell surface

initial immune response

98
Q

IgG location + function

A

blood

ongoing immune response: most abundant antibody in the blood

99
Q

IgD location + function

A

B cell surface

antigen receptor on B cells

100
Q

IgA location + function

A

secretions (e.g. breast milk, saliva)

protects newborns

101
Q

IgE location + function

A

blood

involved with allergic reactions

102
Q

what products antibodies

A

B cells

103
Q

clonal selection

A

hypothesis that a B cell expresses receptors specific to the distinct antigen, determined before the antibody ever encounters the antigen

104
Q

T helper cell function (CD4)

A

activate B cells and T killer cells

105
Q

how does the T helper cell communicate with other cells

A

by releasing lymphokines and interleukins

106
Q

what is the host of HIV

A

T helper cells

107
Q

T killer cell function (CD8)

A

destroy abnormal host cells

108
Q

where do T cells develop during childhood

A

thymus

109
Q

where is MHC I found

A

on the surface of every nucleated cell

110
Q

where is MHC II found

A

only on antigen presenting cells (e.g. macrophages and B cells)

Biology - MCAT (11 decks)

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