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Pnur 155 Pharmocology > Class 9 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Class 9 Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Define neuroendocrine system

A

System that regulates reactions to internal and external stimuli and involves collaboration between endocrine glands and nervous system

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1
Q

Define hypothalamus

A

Gland that’s most dominant for endocrine system that controls hormone secretion from anterior pituitary by secreting hypothalmic hormones

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2
Q

Define pituitary gland

A

Gland beneath hypothalamus connected by stalk of nerve fibres and blood vessels that supplies hormones to control vital processes

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3
Q

Goal of endocrine system

A

Maintenance of physiological stability by secreting hormones into blood stream in response to body’s needs

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4
Q

Six hormones of the anterior pituitary

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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5
Q

Hormones of posterior pituitary

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
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6
Q

Use of pituitary drugs

A
  • Replacement therapy to balance hormones

- aid for diagnostics to determine hypo or hyperfunction of hormonal function

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7
Q

Mechanism of action of all pituitary drugs

A

Facilitate or antagonize natural effects of pituitary hormones

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8
Q

Four pituitary drugs

A

Corticotropin
Somatotropin
Octreotide
Vasopressin

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9
Q

Action and effects of corticotropin

A

Facilitates action of ACTH by travelling to adrenal cortex to increase secretion of cortisol

Effects:

  • anti inflammatory effects
  • promotes kidney retention of sodium
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10
Q

Action and effects of somatotropin

A

Mimics GH by stimulating anabolic processes to promote growth

Effects:
- promotes linear growth in children who lack normal amounts of endogenous GH hormone

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11
Q

Define anabolic processes

A

Tissue building

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12
Q

Action and effects of octreotide

A

Antagonizes (blocks) effects of GH by inhibiting release of GH

Effects:

  • decreases plasma concentrations to decrease watery diarrhea
  • decreases GH effects
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13
Q

Indication for octreotide

A

Given in patients with tumors (inhibits growth)

Promotes fluid and nutrient reabsorption

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14
Q

Action of vasopressin

A

Mimics ADH by:

1) increase water reabsorption to decrease water excretion
2) vasoconstrictor used for hypotension crisis
3) increase plasma levels to treat blood disorders

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15
Q

Implication for pituitary drugs

A
  • Med and health history
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Obtain baseline weight, vitals, electrolytes, cholesterol, glucose levels
  • use with caution in patients with chronic migraines, epilepsy, asthma
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16
Q

Define hyperthyroidism

A

Condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormone

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17
Q

Define hypothyroidism

A

Condition characterized by diminished production of thyroid hormone

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18
Q

Define TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Secreted by pituitary that controls release of thyroid gland hormones that’s necessary for growth and thyroid function (metabolism)

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19
Q

Define thyroxine

A

Thyroid hormone that influences metabolic rate

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20
Q

Responsibilities of thyroid hormones

A
  • regulate lipid and carb metabolism
  • normal growth and development
  • control heat regulating system
  • effects cv, endocrine and neuromuscular system
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21
Q

Results of hypothyroid secretion in adults

A 
Myxedema (decreased metabolic rate)
Decreased mental/physical stamina
Weakness
Weight gain
Firm edema
Yellowish skin
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22
Q

Results of hypo secretion on youth

A

Cretinism (decreased metabolic rate)
Retarded growth
Sexual development
Intellectual disabilities

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23
Q

Indications for thyroid promoting/replacing drugs

A
  • Replacement therapy
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Prevention of goitres
  • Treatment of hypothyroidism during pregnancy
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24
Mechanism of action for thyroid promoting drugs
- Induces changes in metabolic rate - Increase oxygen consumption, temp, blood volume, cellular growth - stimulates cv system by > simulating beta receptors in miocardium to increase cardiac output > increasing blood flow to kidneys to increase GFR (diuresis)
25
Contraindications for thyroid promoting drugs
Hypersensitivity Recent mi Adrenal insufficiency Hyperthyroidism
26
Important considerations for thyroid promoting drugs
Highly protein bond drug - very competitive in elders that increases amount of drug interactions Risk for toxicity due to high half life
27
Results from hyperthyroidism
Increased metabolism - diarrhea - flushing - increased appetite - muscle weakness - heat intolerance - palpitations - sleep disorders Graves' disease
28
Example of thyroid promoting drug
Levothroxine
29
Examples of anti thyroid drugs
Methimazole | Propylthiouracil
30
Use of antithyroid drugs
Treating primary cause or symptoms of hyperthyroidism
31
Option is antithyroid drugs don't work
Surgical removal and thyroid gland
32
Mechanism of action for antithyroid drugs
Inhibit conversion of iodine molecules into tyrosine to impede formation of thyroid hormone ( Decreases thyroid activity by destroying thyroid cells to normalize overall metabolic rate )
33
Define diabetes mellitus
Disorder resulting from lack of insulin secretion from B cells in pancreas or from deficits in insulin receptors
34
Define diabetic ketoacidosis
Severe metabolic complication of uncontrolled diabetes that could lead to diabetic coma and death
35
Define gestational diabetes
Diabetes that developed during pregnancy that may resolve after pregnancy or be a precursor for type 2 diabetes
36
Define glucagon
Hormone that stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
37
Define insulin
Hormone secreted by B cells in pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in blood
38
define polydipsia
Chronic excessive intake of water that's a common symptom of diabetes
39
Describe two types of diabetes
Type 1: no insulin production from B cells in pancreas Type 2: resistant and decreased sensitivity to insulin
40
Function of insulin
Protect from hypoglycaemia Protect from micro/macro vascular systems
41
Why is insulin only I'm injection form?
Protein attached to insulin wouldn't survive first pass effect
42
Therapy for diabetics
Nutritional adjustments Activity level adjustments Drug therapy
43
Two classes of antidiabetic drugs
Insulins | Oral anti hyperglycemics
44
Indications for insulins
Primary treatment of type 1 diabetes Treatment of type 2 after nutrition and activity therapy
45
Contraindications of insulins
Allergy | Hypoglycemic patients
46
Adverse effects of insulins
Hypoglycaemia Tachycardia Delirium Swearing
47
Four types of anti hyperglycemics
Sulfonylureas Biguanides Thiazolidinediones (glitazones) A-glucosidase inhibitors
48
Two actions of sulfonylureas
1) stimulates insulin secretion by transporting glucose out of blood and into tissues 2) enhances action and sensitivity of insulin in tissues
49
Two examples of sulfonylureas
Gliclazide | Glyburide
50
Adverse effects
Effects hematological system Effects GI system Hypoglycaemia Photosensitivity
51
Example of a Biguanide
Metformin
52
Actions of biguanides
Decreases glucose production Decrease absorption of glucose Improves insulin sensitivity
53
Adverse effects of Biguanides
Abdominal bloating Nausea Cramping Diarrhea
54
Contraindications of biguanides
Alcoholism | Liver or kidney disease
55
Two examples of glitazones or thiazolidinediones
Proglitazone | Rosiglitazone
56
Actions of glitazones or thiazolidinediones
- Increases insulin sensitivity - Stimulates glucose uptake and storage - Inhibits glucose and triglyceride production from liver
57
Adverse effects of thiazolidinediones
Moderate weight gain Edema Anemia Liver toxicity (nephrotoxicity)
58
Example of a-glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose
59
Action of a-glucosidase inhibitors
Inhibits enzyme a-glucosidase that's responsible for breakdown of carbs to delay glucose absorption
60
Define incretin
Hormones tht regulate rate of delivery of nutients (glucose) into circulation that has powerful effects on gi motility
61
Two miscellaneous antidiabetic drugs
Incretin mimetic | Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors
62
Example of incretin mimetic
Victoza
63
Example of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor
Stialiptin
64
Action of incretin mimetics
- Increases gastric motility to increase gastric emptying | - increases production of insulin from pancreas to decease glucose
65
Goal of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors
Aimed at controlling incretin levels in the body
66
Function of enzyme DPP4
Enzyme found in tissues that rapidly breaks down incretin in hormones
67
Action of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors
Decrease breakdown of incretins to: - increase half life and keep then active longer - regulate blood glucose levels
68
Signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia
``` Acute onset of nervousness Sweating Lethargy Weakness Cold Clammy ```
69
Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia
Tachycardia Increase in bold glucose above 8 Changes in respirations - kussmauls respirations

Pnur 155 Pharmocology (7 decks)

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