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Pnur 155 Pharmocology > Class 9 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Class 9 Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Define neuroendocrine system

A

System that regulates reactions to internal and external stimuli and involves collaboration between endocrine glands and nervous system

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1
Q

Define hypothalamus

A

Gland that’s most dominant for endocrine system that controls hormone secretion from anterior pituitary by secreting hypothalmic hormones

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2
Q

Define pituitary gland

A

Gland beneath hypothalamus connected by stalk of nerve fibres and blood vessels that supplies hormones to control vital processes

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3
Q

Goal of endocrine system

A

Maintenance of physiological stability by secreting hormones into blood stream in response to body’s needs

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4
Q

Six hormones of the anterior pituitary

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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5
Q

Hormones of posterior pituitary

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
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6
Q

Use of pituitary drugs

A
  • Replacement therapy to balance hormones

- aid for diagnostics to determine hypo or hyperfunction of hormonal function

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7
Q

Mechanism of action of all pituitary drugs

A

Facilitate or antagonize natural effects of pituitary hormones

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8
Q

Four pituitary drugs

A

Corticotropin
Somatotropin
Octreotide
Vasopressin

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9
Q

Action and effects of corticotropin

A

Facilitates action of ACTH by travelling to adrenal cortex to increase secretion of cortisol

Effects:

  • anti inflammatory effects
  • promotes kidney retention of sodium
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10
Q

Action and effects of somatotropin

A

Mimics GH by stimulating anabolic processes to promote growth

Effects:
- promotes linear growth in children who lack normal amounts of endogenous GH hormone

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11
Q

Define anabolic processes

A

Tissue building

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12
Q

Action and effects of octreotide

A

Antagonizes (blocks) effects of GH by inhibiting release of GH

Effects:

  • decreases plasma concentrations to decrease watery diarrhea
  • decreases GH effects
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13
Q

Indication for octreotide

A

Given in patients with tumors (inhibits growth)

Promotes fluid and nutrient reabsorption

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14
Q

Action of vasopressin

A

Mimics ADH by:

1) increase water reabsorption to decrease water excretion
2) vasoconstrictor used for hypotension crisis
3) increase plasma levels to treat blood disorders

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15
Q

Implication for pituitary drugs

A
  • Med and health history
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Obtain baseline weight, vitals, electrolytes, cholesterol, glucose levels
  • use with caution in patients with chronic migraines, epilepsy, asthma
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16
Q

Define hyperthyroidism

A

Condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormone

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17
Q

Define hypothyroidism

A

Condition characterized by diminished production of thyroid hormone

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18
Q

Define TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Secreted by pituitary that controls release of thyroid gland hormones that’s necessary for growth and thyroid function (metabolism)

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19
Q

Define thyroxine

A

Thyroid hormone that influences metabolic rate

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20
Q

Responsibilities of thyroid hormones

A
  • regulate lipid and carb metabolism
  • normal growth and development
  • control heat regulating system
  • effects cv, endocrine and neuromuscular system
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21
Q

Results of hypothyroid secretion in adults

A 
Myxedema (decreased metabolic rate)
Decreased mental/physical stamina
Weakness
Weight gain
Firm edema
Yellowish skin
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22
Q

Results of hypo secretion on youth

A

Cretinism (decreased metabolic rate)
Retarded growth
Sexual development
Intellectual disabilities

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23
Q

Indications for thyroid promoting/replacing drugs

A
  • Replacement therapy
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Prevention of goitres
  • Treatment of hypothyroidism during pregnancy
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24
Q

Mechanism of action for thyroid promoting drugs

A
  • Induces changes in metabolic rate
  • Increase oxygen consumption, temp, blood volume, cellular growth
  • stimulates cv system by
    > simulating beta receptors in miocardium to increase cardiac output
    > increasing blood flow to kidneys to increase GFR (diuresis)
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25
Q

Contraindications for thyroid promoting drugs

A

Hypersensitivity
Recent mi
Adrenal insufficiency
Hyperthyroidism

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26
Q

Important considerations for thyroid promoting drugs

A

Highly protein bond drug
- very competitive in elders that increases amount of drug interactions

Risk for toxicity due to high half life

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27
Q

Results from hyperthyroidism

A

Increased metabolism

  • diarrhea
  • flushing
  • increased appetite
  • muscle weakness
  • heat intolerance
  • palpitations
  • sleep disorders

Graves’ disease

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28
Q

Example of thyroid promoting drug

A

Levothroxine

29
Q

Examples of anti thyroid drugs

A

Methimazole

Propylthiouracil

30
Q

Use of antithyroid drugs

A

Treating primary cause or symptoms of hyperthyroidism

31
Q

Option is antithyroid drugs don’t work

A

Surgical removal and thyroid gland

32
Q

Mechanism of action for antithyroid drugs

A

Inhibit conversion of iodine molecules into tyrosine to impede formation of thyroid hormone

( Decreases thyroid activity by destroying thyroid cells to normalize overall metabolic rate )

33
Q

Define diabetes mellitus

A

Disorder resulting from lack of insulin secretion from B cells in pancreas or from deficits in insulin receptors

34
Q

Define diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Severe metabolic complication of uncontrolled diabetes that could lead to diabetic coma and death

35
Q

Define gestational diabetes

A

Diabetes that developed during pregnancy that may resolve after pregnancy or be a precursor for type 2 diabetes

36
Q

Define glucagon

A

Hormone that stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

37
Q

Define insulin

A

Hormone secreted by B cells in pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in blood

38
Q

define polydipsia

A

Chronic excessive intake of water that’s a common symptom of diabetes

39
Q

Describe two types of diabetes

A

Type 1: no insulin production from B cells in pancreas

Type 2: resistant and decreased sensitivity to insulin

40
Q

Function of insulin

A

Protect from hypoglycaemia

Protect from micro/macro vascular systems

41
Q

Why is insulin only I’m injection form?

A

Protein attached to insulin wouldn’t survive first pass effect

42
Q

Therapy for diabetics

A

Nutritional adjustments
Activity level adjustments
Drug therapy

43
Q

Two classes of antidiabetic drugs

A

Insulins

Oral anti hyperglycemics

44
Q

Indications for insulins

A

Primary treatment of type 1 diabetes

Treatment of type 2 after nutrition and activity therapy

45
Q

Contraindications of insulins

A

Allergy

Hypoglycemic patients

46
Q

Adverse effects of insulins

A

Hypoglycaemia
Tachycardia
Delirium
Swearing

47
Q

Four types of anti hyperglycemics

A

Sulfonylureas
Biguanides
Thiazolidinediones (glitazones)
A-glucosidase inhibitors

48
Q

Two actions of sulfonylureas

A

1) stimulates insulin secretion by transporting glucose out of blood and into tissues
2) enhances action and sensitivity of insulin in tissues

49
Q

Two examples of sulfonylureas

A

Gliclazide

Glyburide

50
Q

Adverse effects

A

Effects hematological system
Effects GI system
Hypoglycaemia
Photosensitivity

51
Q

Example of a Biguanide

A

Metformin

52
Q

Actions of biguanides

A

Decreases glucose production
Decrease absorption of glucose
Improves insulin sensitivity

53
Q

Adverse effects of Biguanides

A

Abdominal bloating
Nausea
Cramping
Diarrhea

54
Q

Contraindications of biguanides

A

Alcoholism

Liver or kidney disease

55
Q

Two examples of glitazones or thiazolidinediones

A

Proglitazone

Rosiglitazone

56
Q

Actions of glitazones or thiazolidinediones

A
  • Increases insulin sensitivity
  • Stimulates glucose uptake and storage
  • Inhibits glucose and triglyceride production from liver
57
Q

Adverse effects of thiazolidinediones

A

Moderate weight gain
Edema
Anemia
Liver toxicity (nephrotoxicity)

58
Q

Example of a-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Acarbose

59
Q

Action of a-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Inhibits enzyme a-glucosidase that’s responsible for breakdown of carbs to delay glucose absorption

60
Q

Define incretin

A

Hormones tht regulate rate of delivery of nutients (glucose) into circulation that has powerful effects on gi motility

61
Q

Two miscellaneous antidiabetic drugs

A

Incretin mimetic

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors

62
Q

Example of incretin mimetic

A

Victoza

63
Q

Example of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor

A

Stialiptin

64
Q

Action of incretin mimetics

A
  • Increases gastric motility to increase gastric emptying

- increases production of insulin from pancreas to decease glucose

65
Q

Goal of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors

A

Aimed at controlling incretin levels in the body

66
Q

Function of enzyme DPP4

A

Enzyme found in tissues that rapidly breaks down incretin in hormones

67
Q

Action of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors

A

Decrease breakdown of incretins to:

  • increase half life and keep then active longer
  • regulate blood glucose levels
68
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia

A 
Acute onset of nervousness
Sweating
Lethargy
Weakness
Cold
Clammy
69
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia

A

Tachycardia
Increase in bold glucose above 8
Changes in respirations
- kussmauls respirations

Pnur 155 Pharmocology (7 decks)

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