Class 7 - Sensation, Perception, Cognition, and Language Flashcards
lowest level of a stimulus we can detect 50% of the time
absolute threshfold
what is difference threshold / junst noticeable difference
thrshold = minimum difference bn 2 stimuli we can detect 50% of the time
JND = minimum noticeable difference bn any 2 sensory stimuli that we can detect 50% of the time
weber’s law
two stimuli must differ by a constant PROPORTION, which varies by the type of stimuli, but remains constant w/i a given stimuli
a method for quantifying a person’s ability to detect a given stimulus amidst other non-important stimuli (noise)
signal detection theory
accuracy depends on
2 types of noise (external= outside body and internal = inside body like hunger)
stimulus present, response absent =
stimulus absent, response absent =
stimulus present, response present =
stimulus absent, response present =
miss, type 2 error, false negative
correct rejection
hit
false alarm, type 1 error, false positive
what is a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)
a graphical plot that demonstrates the HIT rate vs false alarm rate to demonstrate someones accuracy
when looking at a ROC what does the area under the curve reflect?
incr area under the curve means
AUC = accuracy
incr AUC = incr Accuracy
starting with the details an ending with final representation in our mind is an ex. of what type of processing
bottom-up
starting with the larger concept or idea and working to the details is an ex of what processing
top-down
which type of processing would you use for more familiar information?
for new stimuli/ info?
familar = top-down
new = bottom-up
top-down and bottom-up processing is an example of what psychology
GESTALT
gestalt psychology emphasizes
our tendency to organize information into a meaninful whole
name that key gestalt principle:
our ability to perceive any object as distinct from it’s surroundings
Figure & Ground
name that key gestalt principle:
we tend to see smooth continuous patterns rather than discontinous ones
Law of continuity
name that key gestalt principle:
we tend to fill in gaps to create a complete whole object
law of closure
describe that key gestalt principle:
law of similarity
we tend to group similar things together
ex. by size or color
describe that key gestalt principle:
Law of proximity
we tend to group nearby things together
describe that key gestalt principle:
law of connectedness
we tend to perceive things that are connected, uniformed and linked
what model explains how our three short-term sensory stores interact with the central executive, which controls the flow of info from/to sensory stores
Baddeley’s model of working memory
what are the 3 functions of the central executive
coordination of the slave systems
shifting bn tasks or retrieval strategies
selective attn and inhibition
what atre the 3 aspects of working memory
phonological loop
visuospatial sketchpad
episodic buffer
mentally manipulating objects in our minds
“inner eye”
visuospatial sketchpad
communicates with Long term memory and working memory
& can pull info from LTM into working to be manipulated
“backup store”
episodic buffer
deals with spoken and written material
& mental rehearsal like for a phone #
phonological loop
city capitals, and vocabulary are examples of what type of memory?
recognizing faces and flags are examples of ?
semantic verbal memory
semantic visual memory
personally relevant information like the day you graduated is
episodic memory
what are the 3 aspects of LTM
semantic verbal memory
episodic memory
semantic visual memory
according to piaget, to effectively use schemas we must constantly
ASSIMILATE new experiences
according to piaget, when we interact with the world we
ACCOMODATE our existing schemas to incorporate new info
piagets stages of cognitive development
-list them & state the age range
sensorimotor 0-2
preoperational 2-7
concrete operational 7-11
formal operational 12-adult
these milestones align with which stage of cognitive development:
conservation
concrete operational
these milestones align with which stage of cognitive development:
object permeance & stranger anxiety
sensorimotor
these milestones align with which stage of cognitive development:
pretend play & egocentrism
preoperational
these milestones align with which stage of cognitive development:
abstract logic & moral reasoning
formal operational
object permeance
understand objects still exist even when can’t see it
conservation
understand that just bc something changed shape, the amount stayed the same
list the milestones of all 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor = object permeance & stranger anxiety
preoperational = pretend play & egocentrism
concrete operational = conservation
formal operational = moral reasoning & abstract logic
moving a glass of water into a round glass and knowing the same amount of water still exists is an example of
conservation
Heuristic
mental rule of thumb, shortcut or guideline that can be applied to problem solving
algorithm
step by step procedure that exhausts all possible options but guarantees a soln
trial & error
trouble shooting with diff possibilities
insight
when we puzzle over a problem then the complete soln appears to come to us all at once
4 obstacles to problem solving
confirmation bias fixation mental set functional fixedness heuristic
mental set
tend to approach a situation a certain way bc that method worked for us in the past
fixation
occurs when we’ve structured a problem in our mind a certain way, even if that way is ineffective & then are unable to restructure it
confirmation bias
when ppl selectively focus on evidence that supports their belief while ignoring evidence that disconfirms your belief
functional fixedness
mental bias that limits our perspective for how an abject CAN be used based on how that object is traditionally used
nativism
belief in innate ability of language
behaviorist model of language development
infants are trained to learn language through OPERANT CONDITIONING
Linguist Noam Chomskeys alternative ide
- humans are born with innate ability to learn language
- all normally developing humans learn language when exposed to it within a critical period (after this period acquisition is much harder)
spair-whorf hypothesis aka principle of linguistic relativity
language strongly influences thought & words we use define and limit our cognitive abilities
language fundamentally shapes our perception
linguistic relativity
frontal lobe
reasoning, planning, emotions, primary motor cortex here
parietal lobe
perception (touch, pressure, temp, pain)
occipital lobe
processes vision
temporal lobe
perception of hearing & memory consolidation
Broca’s area
- assc w language perception
- controls speech
damage to brocas area leads to
broca’s / nonfluent aphasia = lost of ability to write and speak language fluently
- sentence construction is poor
- if only to brocas, they can still comprehend
wernicke’s area is assc w
assc w/ language comprehension
damage to wernickes area
wernickes / fluent aphasia = cant udnerstand written or spoken language byt can speak w normal grammar
-can construct sentences but they lack meaning / don’t make sense
