class 2 - social institutions, demographics, social class and inequality, social interactions Flashcards
standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve a basic societal value & preserve the collective ethic of a society
social institutions
stability of these social institutions help guard against
anomie which happens when societal values do not adequately guide individual or group behavior
7 social institution exampls
education family religion gov econ health medicine
formal process where knowledge, skills, and values are systematically transmitted from 1 individual or group to another
education
more education is assc with
less inequality
hidden curriculum
unintended lessons taught in school about social norms, values, beliefs
teacher expectancy
expectations about student performance can change teacher behavior and result in conformation to expectations (pos or neg) ex. teacher thinks girls are worse at math so they start doing worse
what theories (2) best explain teacher expectancy
symbolic interactionism
social constructionism
socially defined set of relationships between at least 2 people related by birth, marriage, adoption or some other agreed upon relationship
family
what theory is assc with family
functionalism
beliefs and practices based on sacred obhects and ideas
religion
what would Durkheims approach to studying religion be ? what would Karl Marx approach be?
- keeping order, balance (functionalism)
- keep people in their -place (conflict theory)
citizens are allowed to regularly participate in the selection of government leaders
democracy
totalitarian
citizens not free to choose where they work or live i.e. requires complete subsurviance to the state (dictator like)
strong central power and limited political freedoms, can be dictated by military affiliation
authoritarian
arrangements by which a society produces, distributes and consumes goods, services and other resources
economy
government
institution trusted to make and enforce rules of a society
law of oligarchy
all forms of organziation will eventually develop oligarchic tendencies, esp in large groups and complex orgs
rule by few
oligarchy
ideal bureaucracy according to max weber (5)
- written rules and expectations
- officials hired and promoted based on technical competency
- neutrality / impartiality
- hierarchial structure
- division of labor
mcdonaldization
when principles of fast food industry dominate over sectores of american society aka chain mentality
medicalization
social process where human conditions (behavior, physio, emotional) come to be defined and treated as medical conditions
sick role
theory that people who are ill have certain rights and responsibilites to society
what are the rights and obligations in sick role
right - exempt from normal social roles
right - not responsible for their condiiton
obligation - try to get better
obligation - seek treatment and cooperate with med professional
explain how sick role & cooley’s looking glass self would interact
- might see self as more or less sick depending on how others respond to you
- likelihood someone will conform to sick role based on how they’re perceived
when a social structure engages in discrimanitory practices against an individual or group
institutional discrimination - MUST be systematic and integrated into the societal structure (not the result of individual choice
what are the 2 critical aspects of healthcare delivery
availability = presence of resources accessibility = ability for someone to obtain existing resources
law to increase health insurance rates through a private insurance marketplace, medicaid expansion, and subsidies for the purchase of health insurance
affordable care act 2010
study of social determinants of health and the use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population
social epidemiology
social condition: when populations benefit from __________ the overall quality of life also tends to be favorable
favorable condition factors
social condition: when quality of life is negatively impacted they’re known as
social problems
social isolation
complete or nearly complete lack of contact with others in a society
socioeconomic gradient in health
there’s a proportional incr in health and health outcomes as SES incr
suggests: 1) its from top to bottom ranks of society and 2) context and level matter
major determinants of health disparaties annd healthcare disparaties in society (5)
JIGLE Job status income geography language barriers education
is age a social construct
yes
malthusian theory of demographic change
hypothesized that unchecked popln growth would quickly exceed carrying capacity, leading to overpopln –> w/o pop control, pop would decrease by catastrophes (famine or war)
demographic transition theory
- what it is
- explain the pre-industrial stage, industrial revolution, and post-industrial stage
societies transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
- pre-industrial = high birth and high death rate
- revolution = high birth and death rates start to decr –> pop growth
- post-industrial = low birth and low death rates –> pop stabilizes
gender identity
extent to which someone identifies with a gender - often shaped early in life by social interaction
diff bn sex and gender
sex=biological
gender=cultural
transexual?
intersex?`
trans=identify as another gender AND wish to transition
inter=born with ambiguous sex traits
sexual orientation
social construct
exists on a continuum with extremes being exclusive attraction to the opp gender or sex (hetero) and exclusive attraction to the same (hoo)
kinsey scale
aka hetero-homo rating scale
-estimates vary widely depending on demographics like age and gender
diff bn race and ethnicity
race=physical characteristics (biological but still social construct)
ethnicity = shared cultural traditions/common nationality (cultural)
what are the positives and negatives to net migrant flow
positive = economic opportunity, connect with relatives, diversity negative = political, oppression, xenophobia
change of poorer neighborhoods thru renovation and capital investment and moves the poor out
gentrification
group action to promote, resist or undo a social change
social movements
populations moving from rural to urban aread
urbanization
incfreased contact bn different cultures
globalization
Relative deprivation theory studies the differences between …..
perceived and actual reality
The mass society theory views social movements as
irrational and suspicious
A feeling of having exhausted all conventional means to address the deprivation is an assumption made by what theory
relative deprivation theory
what theory explains social interactions by the comparison of costs and benefits.
exchange
a market that is not regulated, taxed, or protected by the government
underground economy
A _____ country will have a weak central government and an economy based mostly on raw materials and unskilled production of goods.
periphery
A _____ country has a stable government and a diversified economy, but lacks global economic or political influence.
SEMI-periphery
A generation needs three common aspects:
A generation needs three common aspects: a sociocultural location or common experiences, a temporal location (20 to 25 years in length per generation), and a historical location or commonality of era.
a prejudgment based on thoughts or feelings about a group, rather than personal experience.
prejudice
an oversimplified idea or belief about a specific group of people.
stereotype
biased action against a person or group of people.
discrimination
demographic transition theory
stage 1, 2, 4, 5
- high birth rate, high death rate - short life expectancy
- high birth rate, decline in death rate but longer life expectancy than stage 1
3. - low birth rate, low death rate with an increase in life expectancy.
- speculative a nd describes malthusian scenario with negative growth
the number of children a woman needs to give birth to, so that one daughter can reach childbearing age.
replacement fertility rate
whats the stable fertility rate
2.1 kids per woman
mass society theory refers to social movements as
dangerous, dysfunctional, irrational, and motivated by suspicious intentions.
area with <1000 people per square mile or as many as 2,500 residents
rural
more than 2500 residents
urban
hyperglobist perspective views globalization as
legitimate
physical separation of groups into diff areas / neighborhoods (typically separated on race, ethnicity, SES)
residential segregation
certain groups (minorities, low SES) tend to live in areas where envir hazards and toxins are disproportionally high
environmental injustice
area in highly populated lower income urban environments where healthy, fresh food is hard to obtain
food desert
diff bn prejudice and discrimination
prejudice = belief discrimination = treatment
when people from same social groups tend to interact with each other & have minimal contact with people from other social groups
social segregation
SES is measured as a combo of what 3 things
education, income, and occupation
SES is defined by what 3 words
power, prestige, property
diff bn absolute and relative poverty
absolute = inability to secure basic necessities of life relative = inability to meet the avg standard of living defined be a society (i.e. poverty RELATIVE to other groups)
3 systems of social stratification
caste system
class system
meritocracy
order the 3 social stratification systems (caste, class or meritocracy) in order of highest mobility to lowest
Highest: meritocracy
some: class
lowest: caste
system where social status i sdetermined by birth and individual merit
class system
system where social status i sdetermined by birth only
caste
system where social status i sdetermined by individual merit only
meritocracy
what is social reproduction
when social inequality is transmitted from 1 generation to the next
diff bn horizontal and vertical social mobility
horizontal = change a job but still at same level in stratification vertical = individual movement upward or downward
vertical movement of a specific group, class, or occupation relative to others
structural mobility
what are the 3 capitals that determine social movility
physical, social and cultural capital
diff bn physical, social and cultural capital
physical = money, property, land, assets social = who you know, social networks, connections cultural = non-financial characteristics evaluated by society (education)
cortisol is released from the
adrenal cortex
epinephrine is released from the
adrenal medulla
adrenocorticotropic hormone is released from the
anterior pituitary
status = socially defined position within society
differentiate bn master, ascribed, and achieved status
master = role that dominates, determines general place in society ascribed = assigned to you by society regardless of effort achieved = earned or choen
being a spouse or parent is what type of status (master, ascribed, or achieved)
achieved
race or sex is what type of status (master, ascribed, or achieved)
ascribed
role - a socially defined expectation about hwo you’ll behave based on your status
differentiate bn role conflict, role strain, and role exit
role conflict = conflict among expectations for MULTIPLE social positions
role strain = tension in expectations for a SINGLE position
role exit = transition from 1 role to another
going from single to becoming a spouse
this is an example of what (role conflict, role strain, or role exit)
role exit
other ex: employed –> retired
student that wants to have fun and study
this is an example of what (role conflict, role strain, or role exit)
role strain
person thats a doctor parent and spouse
this is an example of what (role conflict, role strain, or role exit)
role conflict
people who exist in the same space but don’t identify or interact
ex. in library
aggregate
shares certain characteristics but don’t interact
ex. millenial
category
primary or secondary group:
smaller size & typically longer
primary
primary or secondary group:
goal is to accomplish a specific purpose or perform a specific function
secondary
primary or secondary group:
classmates in a college course, co-workers
secondary
primary or secondary group:
close, personal, enduring relationships, shared activities or culture
primary
diff bn in-group, out-group, and reference group
in-group = person belongs to and identifies with this group
out-group = does not belong or identify
reference group = identifies with and compares self to
match these examples with the different types of groups (in-group, out-group, and reference group)
lawayers, doctors, mcat takers
in = mcat takers reference = doc out = lawyers
web of relationships includes directly and indirectly linked
social network
culture within a culture
subculture
culture opposing the dominant culture
counterculture
culture passed on by learning through experience and participation
cultural transmission
come to resemble those of another group (blend in)
assimilate
2 groups living together preserving both in a single unified society
multiculturalism
spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from 1 group to another
cultural diffusion
ex. cince de mayo, sushi
belief in inherent superiority of ones own ethnic group or culture
ethnocentrism
individual human beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture
cultural relativism
diff bn material and nonmaterial culture
material = concrete, visible (clothes, food) nonmaterial= symbolic, intangible (values, belief)
culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, social problems, and conflicts are caused by this
cultural lag
personal disorientation one may feel when experience an unfamiliar way of life
ex. immigration
cultural shock
what theory states that the conditions of a neighborhood shapes the likelihood that a person in that environment will become involved in street crimes.
Social disorganization theory
The social disorganization model links crime rates to the environmental influences of a neighborhood. what are 3 environmental factors related to this
Environmental factors include things such as poverty levels, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility of an area.
______discrimination occurs when decisions of linked institutions create indirect and unintended structural discrimination.
side-effect
_____ discrimination is the result of direct discrimination against a group that indirectly causes current discrimination against the same group.
past-in-present
exclusive mating partners
monogamy
a member of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex
promiscuity
a male having exclusive relationships with several females
polygyny
a female having exclusive relationships with several males
polyandry
