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MCAT - Psych/soc > class 2 - social institutions, demographics, social class and inequality, social interactions > Flashcards

class 2 - social institutions, demographics, social class and inequality, social interactions Flashcards

1
Q

standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve a basic societal value & preserve the collective ethic of a society

A

social institutions

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2
Q

stability of these social institutions help guard against

A

anomie which happens when societal values do not adequately guide individual or group behavior

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3
Q

7 social institution exampls

A 
education 
family
religion
gov
econ 
health 
medicine
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4
Q

formal process where knowledge, skills, and values are systematically transmitted from 1 individual or group to another

A

education

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5
Q

more education is assc with

A

less inequality

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6
Q

hidden curriculum

A

unintended lessons taught in school about social norms, values, beliefs

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7
Q

teacher expectancy

A

expectations about student performance can change teacher behavior and result in conformation to expectations (pos or neg) ex. teacher thinks girls are worse at math so they start doing worse

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8
Q

what theories (2) best explain teacher expectancy

A

symbolic interactionism

social constructionism

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9
Q

socially defined set of relationships between at least 2 people related by birth, marriage, adoption or some other agreed upon relationship

A

family

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10
Q

what theory is assc with family

A

functionalism

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11
Q

beliefs and practices based on sacred obhects and ideas

A

religion

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12
Q

what would Durkheims approach to studying religion be ? what would Karl Marx approach be?

A
  • keeping order, balance (functionalism)

- keep people in their -place (conflict theory)

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13
Q

citizens are allowed to regularly participate in the selection of government leaders

A

democracy

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14
Q

totalitarian

A

citizens not free to choose where they work or live i.e. requires complete subsurviance to the state (dictator like)

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15
Q

strong central power and limited political freedoms, can be dictated by military affiliation

A

authoritarian

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16
Q

arrangements by which a society produces, distributes and consumes goods, services and other resources

A

economy

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17
Q

government

A

institution trusted to make and enforce rules of a society

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18
Q

law of oligarchy

A

all forms of organziation will eventually develop oligarchic tendencies, esp in large groups and complex orgs

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19
Q

rule by few

A

oligarchy

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20
Q

ideal bureaucracy according to max weber (5)

A
  • written rules and expectations
  • officials hired and promoted based on technical competency
  • neutrality / impartiality
  • hierarchial structure
  • division of labor
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21
Q

mcdonaldization

A

when principles of fast food industry dominate over sectores of american society aka chain mentality

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22
Q

medicalization

A

social process where human conditions (behavior, physio, emotional) come to be defined and treated as medical conditions

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23
Q

sick role

A

theory that people who are ill have certain rights and responsibilites to society

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24
Q

what are the rights and obligations in sick role

A

right - exempt from normal social roles
right - not responsible for their condiiton
obligation - try to get better
obligation - seek treatment and cooperate with med professional

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25
Q

explain how sick role & cooley’s looking glass self would interact

A
  • might see self as more or less sick depending on how others respond to you
  • likelihood someone will conform to sick role based on how they’re perceived
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26
Q

when a social structure engages in discrimanitory practices against an individual or group

A

institutional discrimination - MUST be systematic and integrated into the societal structure (not the result of individual choice

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27
Q

what are the 2 critical aspects of healthcare delivery

A 
availability = presence of resources
accessibility = ability for someone to obtain existing resources
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28
Q

law to increase health insurance rates through a private insurance marketplace, medicaid expansion, and subsidies for the purchase of health insurance

A

affordable care act 2010

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29
Q

study of social determinants of health and the use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population

A

social epidemiology

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30
Q

social condition: when populations benefit from __________ the overall quality of life also tends to be favorable

A

favorable condition factors

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31
Q

social condition: when quality of life is negatively impacted they’re known as

A

social problems

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32
Q

social isolation

A

complete or nearly complete lack of contact with others in a society

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33
Q

socioeconomic gradient in health

A

there’s a proportional incr in health and health outcomes as SES incr
suggests: 1) its from top to bottom ranks of society and 2) context and level matter

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34
Q

major determinants of health disparaties annd healthcare disparaties in society (5)

A 
JIGLE 
Job status 
income
geography 
language barriers 
education
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35
Q

is age a social construct

A

yes

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36
Q

malthusian theory of demographic change

A

hypothesized that unchecked popln growth would quickly exceed carrying capacity, leading to overpopln –> w/o pop control, pop would decrease by catastrophes (famine or war)

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37
Q

demographic transition theory

  • what it is
  • explain the pre-industrial stage, industrial revolution, and post-industrial stage
A

societies transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

  1. pre-industrial = high birth and high death rate
  2. revolution = high birth and death rates start to decr –> pop growth
  3. post-industrial = low birth and low death rates –> pop stabilizes
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38
Q

gender identity

A

extent to which someone identifies with a gender - often shaped early in life by social interaction

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39
Q

diff bn sex and gender

A

sex=biological

gender=cultural

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40
Q

transexual?

intersex?`

A

trans=identify as another gender AND wish to transition

inter=born with ambiguous sex traits

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41
Q

sexual orientation

A

social construct
exists on a continuum with extremes being exclusive attraction to the opp gender or sex (hetero) and exclusive attraction to the same (hoo)

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42
Q

kinsey scale

A

aka hetero-homo rating scale

-estimates vary widely depending on demographics like age and gender

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43
Q

diff bn race and ethnicity

A

race=physical characteristics (biological but still social construct)
ethnicity = shared cultural traditions/common nationality (cultural)

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44
Q

what are the positives and negatives to net migrant flow

A 
positive = economic opportunity, connect with relatives, diversity 
negative = political, oppression, xenophobia
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45
Q

change of poorer neighborhoods thru renovation and capital investment and moves the poor out

A

gentrification

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46
Q

group action to promote, resist or undo a social change

A

social movements

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47
Q

populations moving from rural to urban aread

A

urbanization

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48
Q

incfreased contact bn different cultures

A

globalization

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49
Q

Relative deprivation theory studies the differences between …..

A

perceived and actual reality

50
Q

The mass society theory views social movements as

A

irrational and suspicious

51
Q

A feeling of having exhausted all conventional means to address the deprivation is an assumption made by what theory

A

relative deprivation theory

52
Q

what theory explains social interactions by the comparison of costs and benefits.

A

exchange

53
Q

a market that is not regulated, taxed, or protected by the government

A

underground economy

54
Q

A _____ country will have a weak central government and an economy based mostly on raw materials and unskilled production of goods.

A

periphery

55
Q

A _____ country has a stable government and a diversified economy, but lacks global economic or political influence.

A

SEMI-periphery

56
Q

A generation needs three common aspects:

A

A generation needs three common aspects: a sociocultural location or common experiences, a temporal location (20 to 25 years in length per generation), and a historical location or commonality of era.

57
Q

a prejudgment based on thoughts or feelings about a group, rather than personal experience.

A

prejudice

58
Q

an oversimplified idea or belief about a specific group of people.

A

stereotype

59
Q

biased action against a person or group of people.

A

discrimination

60
Q

demographic transition theory

stage 1, 2, 4, 5

A
  1. high birth rate, high death rate - short life expectancy
  2. high birth rate, decline in death rate but longer life expectancy than stage 1
    3.
  3. low birth rate, low death rate with an increase in life expectancy.
  4. speculative a nd describes malthusian scenario with negative growth
61
Q

the number of children a woman needs to give birth to, so that one daughter can reach childbearing age.

A

replacement fertility rate

62
Q

whats the stable fertility rate

A

2.1 kids per woman

63
Q

mass society theory refers to social movements as

A

dangerous, dysfunctional, irrational, and motivated by suspicious intentions.

64
Q

area with <1000 people per square mile or as many as 2,500 residents

A

rural

65
Q

more than 2500 residents

A

urban

66
Q

hyperglobist perspective views globalization as

A

legitimate

67
Q

physical separation of groups into diff areas / neighborhoods (typically separated on race, ethnicity, SES)

A

residential segregation

68
Q

certain groups (minorities, low SES) tend to live in areas where envir hazards and toxins are disproportionally high

A

environmental injustice

69
Q

area in highly populated lower income urban environments where healthy, fresh food is hard to obtain

A

food desert

70
Q

diff bn prejudice and discrimination

A 
prejudice = belief 
discrimination = treatment
71
Q

when people from same social groups tend to interact with each other & have minimal contact with people from other social groups

A

social segregation

72
Q

SES is measured as a combo of what 3 things

A

education, income, and occupation

73
Q

SES is defined by what 3 words

A

power, prestige, property

74
Q

diff bn absolute and relative poverty

A 
absolute = inability to secure basic necessities of life 
relative = inability to meet the avg standard of living defined be a society (i.e. poverty RELATIVE to other groups)
75
Q

3 systems of social stratification

A

caste system
class system
meritocracy

76
Q

order the 3 social stratification systems (caste, class or meritocracy) in order of highest mobility to lowest

A

Highest: meritocracy

some: class
lowest: caste

77
Q

system where social status i sdetermined by birth and individual merit

A

class system

78
Q

system where social status i sdetermined by birth only

A

caste

79
Q

system where social status i sdetermined by individual merit only

A

meritocracy

80
Q

what is social reproduction

A

when social inequality is transmitted from 1 generation to the next

81
Q

diff bn horizontal and vertical social mobility

A 
horizontal =  change a job but still at same level in stratification
vertical = individual movement upward or downward
82
Q

vertical movement of a specific group, class, or occupation relative to others

A

structural mobility

83
Q

what are the 3 capitals that determine social movility

A

physical, social and cultural capital

84
Q

diff bn physical, social and cultural capital

A 
physical = money, property, land, assets
social = who you know, social networks, connections
cultural = non-financial  characteristics evaluated by society (education)
85
Q

cortisol is released from the

A

adrenal cortex

86
Q

epinephrine is released from the

A

adrenal medulla

87
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone is released from the

A

anterior pituitary

88
Q

status = socially defined position within society

differentiate bn master, ascribed, and achieved status

A 
master = role that dominates, determines general place in society 
ascribed = assigned to you by society regardless of effort 
achieved = earned or choen
89
Q

being a spouse or parent is what type of status (master, ascribed, or achieved)

A

achieved

90
Q

race or sex is what type of status (master, ascribed, or achieved)

A

ascribed

91
Q

role - a socially defined expectation about hwo you’ll behave based on your status

differentiate bn role conflict, role strain, and role exit

A

role conflict = conflict among expectations for MULTIPLE social positions
role strain = tension in expectations for a SINGLE position
role exit = transition from 1 role to another

92
Q

going from single to becoming a spouse

this is an example of what (role conflict, role strain, or role exit)

A

role exit

other ex: employed –> retired

93
Q

student that wants to have fun and study

this is an example of what (role conflict, role strain, or role exit)

A

role strain

94
Q

person thats a doctor parent and spouse

this is an example of what (role conflict, role strain, or role exit)

A

role conflict

95
Q

people who exist in the same space but don’t identify or interact

ex. in library

A

aggregate

96
Q

shares certain characteristics but don’t interact

ex. millenial

A

category

97
Q

primary or secondary group:

smaller size & typically longer

A

primary

98
Q

primary or secondary group:

goal is to accomplish a specific purpose or perform a specific function

A

secondary

99
Q

primary or secondary group:

classmates in a college course, co-workers

A

secondary

100
Q

primary or secondary group:

close, personal, enduring relationships, shared activities or culture

A

primary

101
Q

diff bn in-group, out-group, and reference group

A

in-group = person belongs to and identifies with this group
out-group = does not belong or identify
reference group = identifies with and compares self to

102
Q

match these examples with the different types of groups (in-group, out-group, and reference group)

lawayers, doctors, mcat takers

A 
in = mcat takers 
reference = doc 
out = lawyers
103
Q

web of relationships includes directly and indirectly linked

A

social network

104
Q

culture within a culture

A

subculture

105
Q

culture opposing the dominant culture

A

counterculture

106
Q

culture passed on by learning through experience and participation

A

cultural transmission

107
Q

come to resemble those of another group (blend in)

A

assimilate

108
Q

2 groups living together preserving both in a single unified society

A

multiculturalism

109
Q

spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from 1 group to another

A

cultural diffusion

ex. cince de mayo, sushi

110
Q

belief in inherent superiority of ones own ethnic group or culture

A

ethnocentrism

111
Q

individual human beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture

A

cultural relativism

112
Q

diff bn material and nonmaterial culture

A 
material = concrete, visible (clothes, food)
nonmaterial= symbolic, intangible (values, belief)
113
Q

culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, social problems, and conflicts are caused by this

A

cultural lag

114
Q

personal disorientation one may feel when experience an unfamiliar way of life
ex. immigration

A

cultural shock

115
Q

what theory states that the conditions of a neighborhood shapes the likelihood that a person in that environment will become involved in street crimes.

A

Social disorganization theory

116
Q

The social disorganization model links crime rates to the environmental influences of a neighborhood. what are 3 environmental factors related to this

A

Environmental factors include things such as poverty levels, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility of an area.

117
Q

______discrimination occurs when decisions of linked institutions create indirect and unintended structural discrimination.

A

side-effect

118
Q

_____ discrimination is the result of direct discrimination against a group that indirectly causes current discrimination against the same group.

A

past-in-present

119
Q

exclusive mating partners

A

monogamy

120
Q

a member of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex

A

promiscuity

121
Q

a male having exclusive relationships with several females

A

polygyny

122
Q

a female having exclusive relationships with several males

A

polyandry

MCAT - Psych/soc (6 decks)

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